Topic: Physiological and hygienic characteristics of working conditions for workers in the hot shop of a machine-building enterprise, measures to improve working conditions. Machine-building enterprises Press-forging and heat treatment shops

Course work

in the discipline Industrial sanitation and occupational hygiene in agriculture

on the topic: Analysis and improvement of working conditions in the mechanical repair shop of Minsk Motor Plant OJSC

Introduction

In the repair and mechanical shop of Minsk Motor Plant OJSC, the number of employees on the payroll is about 100 people. The main activities of the workshop are as follows:

Restoration of parts using surfacing method.

1. Analysis of dangerous and harmful factors in the mechanical repair shop

The main activities of the mechanical repair shop are as follows:

Manufacturing of non-standardized equipment.

Medium and major repairs of technological equipment.

Manufacturing of spare parts for automotive equipment.

Also in this mechanical repair area, parts are restored using the surfacing method.

Considering the main activity of the workshop, it can be assumed that the working conditions in the mechanical repair shop are influenced by various unfavorable factors that negatively affect the performance of the working personnel.

During machining on metal-cutting machines, factors arise that have adverse effects on humans. Such factors are vibration, noise, injuries to the organs of vision, burns to exposed parts of the body, injuries, etc. The greatest danger is posed by rotating and moving parts of machine tools, flying hot chips, and the release of vapors and gases when working with cutting fluid (coolant) and technical lubricants (lubricants). When working on grinding machines, metal and abrasive dust with a concentration of 4...6 mg/m3 is formed (the maximum permissible concentration according to GOST 12.01.005-88 is 4...10 mg/m3), and excess heat is generated during operation of the equipment.

Therefore, to create highly reliable safety systems at MMZ, three independent elements were designed, which together are designed to solve any safety problems of production processes:

A system for protecting the production process from dangerous and harmful factors with the required (or optimal) reliability of performing safety functions;

A preventive maintenance system for protection that ensures that its operational reliability is maintained at the required (or optimal) level;

A specialized service for managing a security system and ensuring the required (or optimal) reliability of its operation.

A harmful production factor is a negative impact on a person that leads to deterioration of health or illness.

Such factors in the workshop are, for example, toxic gases, vapors, dust, noise, adverse meteorological conditions, insufficient lighting, etc.

The content of harmful substances in the air of the working area, optimal and permissible values ​​of microclimate indicators at workplaces, noise levels, vibration load on the operator, safe working conditions for workers using video display terminals and personal electronic computers must be ensured to meet the requirements of relevant regulatory documents approved according to established order.

The level of exposure to a constant magnetic field, the level of electrostatic field, the level of electric field strength of industrial frequency (50 Hz), the level of magnetic field strength of industrial frequency (50 Hz), the levels of exposure to electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies must not exceed the permissible levels (values) established by the relevant regulatory documents , approved in accordance with the established procedure.

The intensity of ultraviolet radiation (irradiation) should not exceed the permissible values ​​​​established by the relevant sanitary standards approved in the prescribed manner.

Physical and chemical factors accompanying work with hand tools: vibration, noise, power characteristics, ergonomic characteristics of the work process, temperature of the handles, thermal conductivity of the material of the handles, parameters of the created microclimate, the content of harmful substances in the work area should not exceed the established hygienic safety standards for hand tools and work with them.

To prevent the impact of harmful and dangerous factors on workers in the mechanical repair shop, certification of the sanitary and technical condition of departments is ensured, comprehensive plans for improving working conditions and labor protection and sanitary and health measures are developed and implemented. Together with the heads of departments, the labor protection service organizes timely testing, technical examination and registration of various installations and mechanisms.

2. Sanitary and hygienic requirements for the premises of the mechanical repair shop

The development, organization and implementation of technological processes are carried out in accordance with the requirements of STB 1212-2000 “Development and production of food products”, approved and put into effect by Resolution of the State Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of the Republic of Belarus dated August 30, 2000 No. 26 , state standard of the Republic of Belarus STB 1210-2000 “Public catering. Culinary products sold to the public. General technical conditions", approved by the resolution of the State Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of the Republic of Belarus dated February 29, 2000 No. 3, SanPiN 11-09-94 "Sanitary rules for the organization of technological processes and hygienic requirements for production equipment", approved by the Main State Sanitary doctor of the Republic of Belarus on January 27, 1994, SanPiN 2.2.3.11-23-2003, SanPiN 2.3.4.13-20-2002, other regulatory legal acts, technical regulatory legal acts.

The organization of technological processes must ensure their safety and be aimed at preventing accidents at production facilities and ensuring readiness to localize and eliminate their consequences.

Reflection and execution of safety requirements in technological documentation (technological instructions, technological regulations and similar documentation) must comply with the requirements of regulatory legal acts, technical regulatory legal acts.

The safety of technological processes is ensured by:

Application of technological processes (types of work), techniques and operating modes that ensure safe working conditions;

The use of production premises that meet the safety requirements of workers;

The use of technological equipment that meets labor protection requirements;

Equipment of production sites (for processes performed outside production premises);

Arrangement of the territory of organizations;

The use of raw materials, blanks, semi-finished products, components (assemblies, elements, etc.) that do not have a dangerous and harmful effect on workers (if it is impossible to fulfill this requirement, measures are taken to ensure the safety of workers);

The use of reliably operating and regularly checked instrumentation and emergency protection devices;

The use of electronic computer technology and microprocessors to control technological processes and emergency protection systems;

Rational placement of technological equipment and organization of workplaces;

Distribution of functions between man and machine (equipment) in order to limit physical and neuropsychic overload;

Application of safe methods of storage and transportation of raw materials, blanks, semi-finished products, finished products and production waste;

Professional selection, training in safe methods and techniques of work and testing of knowledge on issues of labor protection of workers;

The use of protective equipment for workers that corresponds to the nature of the manifestation of possible dangerous and harmful production factors;

Identification of hazardous areas;

Inclusion of safety requirements in labor protection instructions and technological documents.

When organizing and implementing technological processes to ensure safety, the following measures should be taken:

Integrated mechanization, automation, use of remote control of technological processes and operations for the acceptance and transportation of raw materials, packaging of finished products;

Application of rational work and rest regimes in order to limit neuropsychic overload;

Preventing the occurrence and accumulation of static electricity charges;

Protection of workers from electric shock;

Reducing noise and vibration in production premises, placing equipment with high levels of noise and vibration (compressors, blowers, etc.) in separate rooms equipped with fire extinguishing equipment and noise insulation (vibration insulation);

Use of signal colors and safety signs;

Timely removal, neutralization and disposal of waste that is a source of hazardous and (or) harmful production factors;

The use of local suction, dust collection devices, as well as ventilation, heating and air conditioning systems that ensure acceptable microclimatic conditions in workplaces and industrial premises;

Thermal insulation of hot pipelines and equipment, local cooling, shielding;

Construction of technological equipment that ensures compliance with the safety requirements set out in the operational documentation for this equipment;

Sealing and structural covering of equipment that is a source of release of harmful gases, vapors, and dust.

Technological processes associated with the release of dust, harmful vapors or gases should be carried out in separate rooms or in special isolated areas of production premises, equipped with forced-air ventilation and provided with protective equipment for workers.

Process control and management systems must provide timely information about the occurrence of dangerous and harmful production factors (maximum values ​​of pressure, radiation, temperature, levels, concentrations, including harmful substances) using instrumentation and (or) light or sound alarms; must ensure compliance with the sequence of the technological process, automatic stops and disconnection of equipment from energy sources in the event of malfunctions, violations of technological regulations, or accidents.

When producing confectionery products, measures must be taken to prevent environmental pollution (air, soil, water bodies) and the spread of harmful factors above the maximum permissible standards established by technical regulations.

If situations arise that may lead to disruption of the technological cycle, equipment failure, injury to workers, or fire, the following alarm methods are used:

Refrigerating chambers with a temperature of 0 °C and below are equipped with a “Man in a chamber” alarm system. Devices for transmitting a light and sound signal from the chamber must be placed near the chamber doors at a height of no more than 0.5 m from the floor, marked with luminous signs and an inscription about the inadmissibility of cluttering them with cargo and protected from damage. The “person in cell” signal must be sent to a room with personnel on constant duty;

Heating equipment is equipped with a light alarm system, the signal of which indicates a violation of its operation;

Disabling the automation system is accompanied by a sound signal and immediate transfer of the installation to manual operation. The sound signal should be audible when the equipment is operating in maximum modes, and the light signal should be easily distinguishable from surrounding objects in daylight and electric lighting.

To prevent the adverse effects of infrared radiation on the body, workers should:

Use sectional-modular equipment;

Promptly turn off sections of electric stoves or switch them to a lower power;

At workplaces near stoves, stoves and other heated equipment, use air showering.

The design of conveyor and process furnaces must provide for automatic cessation of heating (coolant supply) in the event of a conveyor stop.

In cardboard, printing and other production organizations, the occupational safety and health requirements contained in the relevant regulatory legal acts and technical regulatory legal acts must be observed.

Sanitary requirements for premises

The walls in production premises to a height of 2 m from the floor are covered with light oil paint or light tiles; walls higher than 2 m, as well as the ceiling, are painted with white oil paint.

Floors in industrial premises, showers and restrooms should be made of cement, marble chips or laid with Metlakh tiles.

The dining room should be well illuminated with natural and artificial light.

Ventilation is important to keep the air clean. In public catering establishments, natural and artificial (mechanical) ventilation is used. Natural ventilation is carried out through windows (windows, transoms), doors, as well as through pores in the walls and ceiling.

In winter, the premises of enterprises must be heated. There are local and central heating systems; Central heating is more efficient.

The air temperature should be 16-18°, in the blank shops and in the cold shop 16°; in the washing room 18°.

Enterprises must be provided with water suitable for drinking and household needs. Good quality water should be odorless, colorless, transparent, cool, and have a pleasant taste. It should not contain substances or microbes harmful to health. These requirements are primarily met by tap water, which is previously neutralized. In the absence of a running water supply, with the permission of the local sanitary inspection authorities, it is allowed to use water from an artesian well, a mine well, as well as rivers and open reservoirs, subject to special neutralization by boiling.

The best source of water supply in terms of sanitation in the absence of running water is an artesian well. Water supplied through pipes from deep wells is well purified from contaminants and is very clean in bacterial terms.

To protect the water of mine wells from the penetration of microbes of typhoid fever, dysentery and other infectious diseases, the location of the wells is of great importance.

The shaft well must be located at a distance of at least 20 m from the production premises and 30 m from the sewage receiver. The well frame is raised above the ground surface no lower than 1 m and covered with a lid. A layer of clay (clay castle) 0.5 m thick and 1.5-2 m deep is laid in the ground around the log house. Paved slopes are arranged near the well with a slope from the well. The well must be equipped with a pump through which the water rises.

When using river water, the place for water intake must be chosen above the populated area and places intended for grazing livestock, washing clothes and swimming. Water should be transported only in clean tanks, tubs or vats with tightly fitting and lockable lids.

Barrels and vats for transporting and storing water must be regularly cleaned, rinsed and periodically disinfected. For disinfection, a 0.5% clarified solution of bleach is poured into the barrels for half an hour, after which the barrel is rinsed well with clean water. Tanks and barrels used for transporting water cannot be used for transporting other liquids.

3. Providing the necessary air parameters in the working area of ​​the mechanical repair shop

Temperature, relative humidity and air speed in production premises, chambers and warehouses must comply with the technological design standards of enterprises producing confectionery and bakery products, as well as the standards for the production and storage of finished products.

Noise levels in production premises must be within the limits of current sanitary standards. In all rooms with noisy equipment, measures must be taken to reduce noise in accordance with SNiP “Noise Protection” and be no more than 80 dB.

Machine tools, machines, and devices must have vibration damping devices, and the vibration level must not exceed sanitary standards.

When designing ventilation, air conditioning and heating systems for newly constructed or reconstructed buildings, the requirements of SNB 4.02.01-03 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”, approved by order of the Ministry of Architecture and Construction of the Republic of Belarus dated December 30, 2003 No. 259, must be observed.

The installation, operation and repair of heat-using installations and heating networks of buildings and structures must meet the requirements of the Rules for the technical operation of heat-using installations and heating networks of consumers and the Safety Rules for the operation of heat-using installations and heating networks of consumers, approved by the resolution of the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Belarus dated August 11, 2003. No. 31 (National Register of Legal Acts of the Republic of Belarus, 2003, No. 109, 8/10012), other normative legal acts, technical normative legal acts.

Ventilation, air conditioning and heating systems in production, laboratory and warehouse premises must provide at permanent and temporary workplaces:

Air microclimate parameters in accordance with SanPiN 9-80 RB 98;

In production, utility, warehouse, administrative and utility premises, it is necessary to provide effective general supply and exhaust and local exhaust (from sources of concentrated emissions) mechanical ventilation, taking into account technological conditions.

Fan suction openings not connected to air ducts must be covered with protective nets with a mesh size of 15-25 mm.

Arrows indicating the direction of rotation of the rotors should be painted in bright paint on the fan casing and the motor housing. For axial fans, arrows must be marked on the air duct.

Aspiration must be provided from technological equipment that is a source of dust release into the air of the working area in concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible (dough mixing, flour sifting, bagging and other machines).

Aspiration installations must be carried out taking into account fire and explosion safety requirements.

Emissions into the atmosphere from ventilation systems of industrial premises (air removed from process equipment and the work area containing dust, toxic gases, vapors and aerosols) must first be cleared of dust and harmful substances.

The concentration of these harmful substances should not exceed the maximum permissible values ​​established by the relevant technical regulations.

Aspiration ducts should not be connected to general ventilation ducts.

For each ventilation and aspiration installation, heating system, a passport with technical characteristics and installation diagram must be drawn up.

Changes made to the installation, as well as the results of its technical and hygienic tests, must be recorded in the passport.

Ventilation and aspiration systems must be provided with operational documents from manufacturing organizations, operating instructions, repair and operation logs.

The procedure for turning on and off ventilation and aspiration units is determined by the operating instructions.

Scheduled preventative repairs of ventilation and aspiration units associated with the technological process are carried out simultaneously with scheduled preventative repairs of process equipment.

Before acceptance into operation after installation, reconstruction and periodically (at least once every 3 years), air heating and ventilation systems must be tested to determine the efficiency of their operation and compliance with the passport and design data.

Ventilation units, control and shut-off valves of heating systems are installed in places that are easily accessible for maintenance.

The complex impact on a person of the factors listed above determines a particular microclimate in the work area. With their favorable combinations, taking into account the nature and severity of the work performed, a person is in comfortable conditions and can work fruitfully in the workshop. Unfavorable combinations of meteorological conditions can cause overheating or hypothermia.

In order to normalize microclimate parameters, work and operations that are accompanied by the entry of large quantities of warm or cold air, moisture, harmful vapors, gases and aerosols into the workshop should be excluded from technological processes. If it is possible to choose different options for technological processes and designs of production equipment, preference should be given to those that are characterized by the least severity of harmful production factors. Rationalization of space-planning solutions for production premises is of great importance. It should be aimed at maximally limiting the spread of harmful emissions throughout the room.

Ventilation systems are used to remove polluted and heated air from a room and supply clean air into it. Air conditioning systems ensure the creation and automatic maintenance of specified air parameters in a room, regardless of changing weather conditions. The workshop is equipped with general exhaust mechanical ventilation. It is not allowed to install ventilation openings in the ceilings of rooms with open technological processes.

Equipment that is a source of dust in the workshop must be provided with individual specialized cleaning systems.

Equipment and containers from which vapors, gases, or dust may be released must be sealed as much as possible.

Also, to ensure standardized microclimate parameters in the workshop, air conditioning is used. It is used to achieve the most comfortable sanitary and hygienic conditions in the work area or for production and technological purposes to maintain the required microclimate parameters using air conditioners. Air conditioners are central (for several rooms) and local ( per room)

Ventilation calculation

Technical solutions for ventilation must comply with SNB 4.02.03-03. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. The placement of supply and exhaust ducts must be selected taking into account construction and technological standards. The location of ventilation systems must ensure safe and convenient installation, operation and repair of process equipment. When placing ventilation systems, lighting standards for the room, workplaces and passages must be observed.

Calculation of the exhaust ventilation system

The hourly volume of air removed by exhaust ventilation of one workplace is:

where V is the volume of the room, m3;

n – air exchange rate.

1. Total amount of air removed by exhaust ventilation:

=23·10·9=2070 m 3

2. We determine the air exchange in each area:

=4·250=1000 ;

=4·300=1200 ;

=4·485=1940 ;

3. Determination of the diameter of the air duct in sections 1 and 2, at air speed:

The resulting d value is rounded to the nearest of the following standardized series, mm: 108, 200, 225, 250, 280, 315, 355, 400, 450, 500, 560, 630, etc.

4. We clarify the speed of air movement in the air ducts in sections 1 and 2:

5. Determine the resistance to air movement in sections 1 and 2 of the network:

Here p=353/(273+23)=1, 197 kg/m is the air density at a given room temperature; λ =0.02 for air ducts made of metal pipes; local pressure loss coefficients are accepted: ε =0.5 for entrance blinds; ε= 1.13 for a circular bend with l = 90 0, ε=0.1 for a sudden expansion of the hole with a ratio of the area of ​​the air ducts in the subsequent section to the area of ​​the air ducts in the previous section equal to 0.7. Table 3.4.1)

6. Determination of the diameter of the air duct in sections 3 and 4, at air speed:

We take from the standardized series ==0.225m.

7. We clarify the speed of air movement in the air ducts in sections 3 and 4:

8. Determine the resistance to air movement in sections 3 and 4 of the network:

9. Determination of the diameter of the air duct in sections 5, 6:

We accept from the standardized series ==0.315m

10. We clarify the speed of air movement in the air ducts in sections 3 and 4:

11. Determine the resistance to air movement in sections 5 and 6 of the network:

12. Diameter of the 7th section:

13. Speed ​​of the 7th section:

14. Air resistance of the 7th section:

working conditions workshop sanitary room

where ε =0.15 is the local pressure loss coefficient for the fan diffuser.

15. Total resistance of air ducts, Pa:

Based on the known Hc and Lb, using Figure 1, we select a centrifugal fan of the Ts4-70 series No. 6 of the usual design with efficiency = 0.58 and parameter A = 5000.

17. Fan speed:

Since the rotational speed of a standard electric motor does not coincide with the calculated rotational speed of the fan, it can be driven through a V-belt transmission with an efficiency of η = 0.95.

18. Let’s check that the condition for reducing the noise of the ventilation unit is met:

For fan No. 6

That is, with the selected fan and its accepted characteristics, this condition is met.

19. Let’s determine the power of the electric motor of the ventilation system:

where Lv is the required fan performance, m/h; H-pressure created by the fan, Pa (it is numerically equal to Hc); - fan efficiency; -Gear efficiency: fan wheel on the electric motor shaft - =1; coupling - =0.98; V-belt drive - =0.95; flat belt drive - =0.9. 20. Determine the installed power of the electric motor for the exhaust ventilation system:

For the selected fan we will accept a 4A112M4UZ electric motor of normal design with a rotation speed of 1445 and a power of 5.5 kW.

4. Providing lighting in the mechanical repair shop e

The installation of electric lighting for industrial, administrative, household and other premises of newly constructed and reconstructed buildings must meet the requirements of SNB 2.04.05-98, other technical regulatory legal acts, and local regulatory legal acts.

Natural and artificial lighting of production and other premises and workplaces must provide illumination sufficient for the safe stay and movement of workers, safe performance of work, and range from 200 to 400 lux, depending on the purpose of the room. The organization of permanent workplaces without natural light, unless determined by the requirements of the technological process, is not allowed.

The light openings of windows should not be cluttered with production equipment, finished products, semi-finished products, containers and the like, both indoors and outdoors. The glazed surface of window light openings must be regularly cleaned of dust and other contaminants.

The use of lighting sources without lighting fixtures is not allowed, and in rooms with possible release of organic dust, lighting equipment is installed in an explosion-proof design.

Lighting fixtures and fittings must be kept clean and cleaned when dirty. Cleaning of lamps and replacement of burnt-out lamps is carried out by electrical personnel using devices that provide convenient and safe access to lamps.

To inspect the internal surfaces of devices and containers, it is allowed to use portable lamps with a voltage not exceeding 12 V, made in an explosion-proof design.

In case of changes in the purpose of the production premises, as well as when rearranging or replacing one equipment with another, lighting installations must be re-equipped and adapted to new conditions in accordance with lighting standards.

Standardization of artificial lighting

The standards for the required levels of illumination of working surfaces are established by the Construction Code of the Republic of Belarus SNB 2.04.05-98 “Natural and artificial lighting”, depending on the adopted light sources and lighting system.

This document regulates the minimum permissible illumination values ​​and does not prohibit the use of increased illumination in cases where it is appropriate.

The standards provide for an increase in the tabulated illumination values ​​in the following cases: if the distance from the object in question to the eyes of the worker is more than 0.5 m; when performing intense visual work throughout the working day; with an increased risk of injury; under special increased sanitary requirements (for example, in enterprises producing food or pharmaceutical products); when working or training teenagers; in the absence of natural light in the room.

Illumination should be increased as the size of the object of discrimination decreases, the contrast of the object in question with the background, and the reflectance of the background.

Required illumination levels can be reduced in industrial premises when workers stay in them for a short time or when there is equipment that does not require constant maintenance.

Calculation of artificial lighting

A correctly selected lighting system is of great importance in reducing occupational injuries, creates normal conditions for the functioning of the visual organs, and increases efficiency.

The size of the mechanical repair shop is 23m ´ 10m. Thus, the area will be S=230.

The room has one entrance. The equipment is placed in such a way as to ensure free access to all workplaces.

The workplace tables on which diagnostics are carried out are 1200 mm high, 1500 mm long, 800 mm wide.

We will choose fluorescent lamps as a light source, since they have greater efficiency and light output than incandescent lamps. In this regard, it is most advisable to choose a general lighting system. To create this level of illumination, luminaires containing two 80 W LD lamps, luminous efficiency 50.9 lm/W, F = 4070 lm, are used.

Initial data: l P =23 m, H= 10 m, h P =9.0 m, h P =1.2 m, h NE =2.8 m, E= 200 lx, n h =4 pcs, type of lamps ODR-2, lamp type LD-80.

When calculating the total uniform fluorescent lighting, we determine the required number of lamps using the formula:

PC.

where: E - standardized illumination, lux;

S – floor area of ​​the illuminated room, m2;

K З - safety factor (K З = 1.5 - accepted in the range from 1.3 to 2.0 depending on the dust content in production premises, taking into account regular cleaning of lamps and the type of light source);

Z - illumination unevenness coefficient (accept 1.2 for fluorescent lamps);

n - number of lamps in the lamp, pcs;

F - luminous flux of the lamp, lm;

j - luminous flux utilization factor, %.

The room index is determined by the formula:

where l P, B - length and width of the illuminated room, m;

h - height of the lamp suspension (distance from the lamp to the working surface), m.

h = h P – h P – h NE,

where h P is the height of the room, m; h P - height of the working surface, m;

h SV - overhang of the lamp (distance from the ceiling to the lamp), m.

We accept i=1.5.

Determine the area of ​​the room:

Taking the reflection coefficient from the walls and ceiling equal to 70% and 50%, respectively, and taking into account the obtained room index and the type of lamp, the amount of luminous flux used is h = 55%. With an illumination standard of 200 lux, room area S = 230 m 2, illumination unevenness coefficient Z = 1.2, safety factor K 3 = 1.5, luminous flux of one lamp 4070 lm. It follows from this that the value of the utilization coefficient depends on the type of lamp, the reflectance of the ceiling, walls and room index i.

Determine the number of lamps:

Therefore, for lighting in a mechanical repair shop, at least 18 lamps are needed.

5. Measures to reduce noise and vibration

In industrial sanitation, noise is understood as elastic vibrations in the frequency range of human audibility, propagating in the form of a wave in gaseous media.

Sound is a wave movement of an elastic medium (for example, air, water, etc.), which is perceived by the human hearing aid. In production, noise is one of the harmful factors in the working environment. Measurements of noise levels in industrial conditions are carried out using sound level meters.

Noise and vibrations exceeding the limits of volume and frequency of sound vibrations constitute an occupational hazard.

A person perceives wave-like elastic vibrations of air as sound. A sound wave arises as a result of the action of some vibrating body on the air. The ear is most sensitive to sounds in the frequency range 800…4000 Hz. Based on their frequency composition, noise is divided into low-frequency, mid-frequency and high-frequency, which have the most harmful effect on the human body. For permanent workplaces and work areas, the permissible noise level is 85 dB. To standardize noise, GOST 12.1.003-83 is used. System of occupational safety standards. Noise. General safety requirements. SanPiN 2.2.4/2.1.8.10-32-2002. Noise at workplaces in residential and public buildings and in residential areas.

In conditions of increased noise, fatigue occurs during the work process. A tired person, continuing to work, is less attentive and careful. Therefore, in conditions of increased noise, there is a higher incidence of injuries. The number of minor injuries associated with loss of coordination and decreased precision of movements is especially increasing: abrasions, cuts, bruises. Under the influence of noise, a person’s blood pressure and the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract can change, and prolonged exposure in some cases leads to partial or complete hearing loss. Noise affects the productivity of workers, weakens attention, causes hearing loss and deafness, irritates the nervous system, resulting in reduced sensitivity to danger signals, which can lead to an accident. Noise disease is easier to prevent than to treat. Therefore, for those working in noisy conditions, an annual medical examination is required with the mandatory participation of an otolaryngologist, therapist and other specialists.

Noise protection. To reduce noise in a mechanical repair shop, the following basic methods are used:

Reducing the disturbance of sound vibrations at the source;

Changing the direction of radiation;

Rational workshop layout;

Soundproofing;

Sound absorption;

Reducing gaps;

Finding the best structural forms for shock-free impact on the part and smooth air flow around them;

Reducing gaps;

Increased accuracy of alignment and balancing to reduce dynamic loads;

Use of personal protective equipment.

An effective way to combat production noise in a mechanical repair shop is to reduce it at the source of formation by constructive and technological measures. A great effect is achieved by straightening and bending metal sheets on hydraulic presses and by broaching, rather than by blows.

Most of the equipment in the mechanical repair shop creates high levels of noise due to unsatisfactory technical maintenance of the mechanisms. Therefore, the maintenance of the mechanisms is being improved.

Working conditions are significantly improved by insulating the noisiest equipment and installing sound-absorbing linings. Reducing noise from an electric motor is achieved by enclosing it in a casing or enclosure lined with sound-absorbing material and vibration insulation.

Reflective screens are also used.

Also, the main sources of noise during the operation of air ventilation systems are fans. To reduce the noise they create, active mufflers are used.

Timely lubrication, careful adjustment, tightening of bolted connections, replacement of worn parts, unusable flanges and rubber gaskets also reduces noise. Headphones are an effective means of personal protection against noise. In the fight against the harmful effects of noise in the workshop, proper organization of periodic breaks in work is of great importance. Equipment modernization also reduces noise at the source.

A significant effect can also be achieved by turning the equipment so that the direction of the noise emitted by it does not coincide with the position of the workplaces. The exhaust of compressed air, the opening of the air intake shaft of the ventilation or compressor must be oriented towards the side where there are no workplaces.

Soundproofing casings made of wood, plastic or metal cover small sources of intense noise. The inner surface of the casing must be lined with sound-absorbing material. The casing must not be rigidly connected to the mechanism being isolated, otherwise it may have a negative effect.

To protect against local vibration in the mechanical repair shop, personal protective equipment is used. These include vibration-proof gloves. They are sewn from cotton fabric reinforced with leather on the palm. An anti-vibration insert made of foamed polyvinyl chloride is sewn under the skin. To work with vibrating tools and equipment in the cold season, elongated mittens are made.

Elimination of resonant modes in the workshop is carried out in two ways: either by changing the characteristics of the system (mass and rigidity), or by establishing a new operating mode (detuning from the resonant value of the angular velocity).

Vibration absorption is carried out by installing special vibration absorbers on rotating elements or attached to a vibrating unit.

6. Sanitary provision for workers

Sanitary provision for workers is of great importance for creating favorable working conditions, increasing productivity, and reducing general and occupational morbidity.

Workplaces must comply with the requirements of technical regulatory legal acts.

The organization and equipment of workplaces, the regime of work and rest when working with video display terminals, electronic computers and personal electronic computers must comply with the requirements of SanPiN 9-131 RB 2000 “Hygienic requirements for video display terminals, electronic computers and organization of work” , approved by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Republic of Belarus dated November 10, 2000 No. 53.

The location and installation of equipment in production premises must comply with technological design standards, ensure the convenience and safety of workers during installation (dismantling), commissioning, intended use, maintenance and repair of equipment, the possibility of mechanizing labor-intensive operations while complying with the requirements stipulated by the operational documentation.

The organization and condition of workplaces, as well as the distance between workplaces, must ensure the safe movement of workers and vehicles, convenient and safe actions with raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products and containers, as well as maintenance, repair and cleaning of technological equipment.

It is not allowed to clutter aisles and work areas with raw materials, finished products and containers.

When organizing workplaces, depending on the nature of the work, it should be possible to perform work operations in a sitting position or alternating sitting and standing positions, if the operations do not require constant movement of the employee.

The organization of the workplace should exclude or allow rare and short-term work in uncomfortable positions that cause increased fatigue (characterized, for example, by the need to lean forward or to the sides, to work with outstretched or highly raised arms).

Equipment for crushing and grinding (disintegrators, micromills, pulp crushers) is located in an isolated room.

Passages between rows of installed equipment (mills, crushers, disintegrators), between individual machines, as well as between equipment and the wall must be at least 1.5 m.

At work involving female labor, SanPiN 9-72-98 “Hygienic requirements for working conditions for women”, approved by Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Republic of Belarus dated March 25, 1999 No. 12, must be observed.

To service equipment at height, platforms with railings and stairs with handrails must be equipped.

Platforms located at a height of more than 0.8 m must have railings and stairs with handrails. The height of the fences (railings) must be at least 1 m; there must be an additional longitudinal fence at a height of 0.5 m from the platform (staircase) flooring. Vertical posts of fences (railings) should have a pitch of no more than 1.2 m. Along the edges of the platform decking should have a continuous side strip 0.15 m high.

Permanent workplace areas must have a free passage of at least 0.7 m wide.

The surfaces of landings and steps of stairs must be non-slip.

The width of the stairs must be at least 0.6 m, the distance between the steps of the stairs must be 0.2 m, and the width of the steps must be at least 0.12 m.

Stairs to permanent workplaces located on platforms with a height of more than 1.5 m must have an inclination to the horizon of no more than 45°, and for lower platform heights - no more than 60°. Stairs with a height of more than 3 m must have transition platforms every 3 m.

The sites are provided with a sign indicating the maximum permissible total and concentrated loads.

The sanitary facilities of the workshop include:

Dressing rooms;

Showers;

Washrooms;

Smoking rooms, eating rooms, etc.;

Premises and devices performing auxiliary functions, etc.

The additional composition of household and auxiliary premises is determined in accordance with the hygienic characteristics of production processes.

Dressing rooms are designed for storing street, home and work clothes. The recommended standard for dressing room area per worker is 0.8 m2. The number of cabinets corresponds to the number of employees.

For one worker there is a wardrobe with two compartments - for personal and special clothing. Dimensions of each compartment: depth 50 cm, height 165, width 25 cm.

In dressing rooms, benches with a width of 25 cm are installed. With this arrangement of benches, the distance between the front surfaces of the cabinets is taken to be 2 m. The distance between the front surfaces of the cabinets and the wall in dressing rooms with benches is 1.2 m.

Wardrobes for work and sanitary clothes are located in rooms isolated from wardrobes for outerwear and home clothes.

Showers are located in the workshop adjacent to the dressing rooms. The number of shower nets corresponds to the number of workers, taking into account the estimated number of people per shower net. Showers are equipped with open shower stalls, fenced on three sides. If there are more than four shower screens, pre-shower rooms are provided, which are equipped with benches 30 cm wide and 80 cm long for one shower screen. The size of the open shower cabins is 0.9 x 0.9 m. The width of the passage between the rows of shower cabins is 1.5 m. The width of the passage between the row of cabins and the wall is 1 m.

Washrooms are also located adjacent to the dressing rooms. The number of taps in washrooms is calculated in a workshop with the number of workers, taking into account the estimated number of people per tap. Washrooms should have hooks for towels, containers for liquid soap and shelves for bar soap, hooks for clothes and a mirror.

Soap provided for individual and collective use should not irritate the skin of the hands.

The distance between the axes of washbasin taps in a row is taken to be at least 0.65 m, between the axis of the outermost washbasin in a row and the wall - at least 0.45 m. The width of the passages between the rows of washbasins is 2 m. The width of the passage between the row of washbasins and the wall is 1.5 and 1.35 m.

There is soap and regularly changed or disposable towels at the washbasins. Soap provided for individual and collective use should not irritate the skin of the hands.

Toilets. Entrances to toilets are arranged through vestibules (gateways).

Toilets are equipped with floor bowls in the workshop. Floor-standing bowls and toilets are located in separate cubicles with doors that open outward. The cabins are separated from each other by partitions 1.8 m high, not reaching 0.2 m from the floor. The dimensions in terms of a cabin or toilet for one floor bowl or one toilet are 1.2 x 0.9 m.

In dressing rooms, toilets, washrooms, and showers, the floors are moisture-resistant, with a non-slip surface, in light colors; walls and partitions are lined to a height of 1.8 m with moisture-resistant materials in light colors, allowing easy cleaning and washing with hot water.

Rooms for heating and rest. The room for heating and rest is brought as close as possible to the workplace. In the warming rooms for workers, hangers for clothes, benches or stools, a sink for washing glasses and a cabinet for storing them are installed.

The canteen at the MMZ plant is located at a distance of over 500m; the workshop has additionally equipped rooms for heating and relaxation.

7. Provision of personal protective equipment

Employees of organizations are provided with personal protective equipment in accordance with the Rules for providing employees with personal protective equipment, approved by Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Republic of Belarus dated May 28, 1999 No. 67 (National Register of Legal Acts of the Republic of Belarus, 1999, No. 54, 8/527).

Personal protective equipment is issued to workers in accordance with the Standard Industry Standards for the free issuance of personal protective equipment to food industry workers, approved by Resolution of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Republic of Belarus dated May 27, 2003 No. 68 (National Register of Legal Acts of the Republic of Belarus, 2003, No. 68, 8/9630), Standard standards for the free issuance of personal protective equipment to employees of general professions and positions for all sectors of the economy, approved by Resolution of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Republic of Belarus dated September 22, 2006 No. 110 (National Register of Legal Acts of the Republic of Belarus, 2006 , No. 171, 8/15132), other standard industry standards for the free distribution of personal protective equipment.

Special clothing, special shoes and other personal protective equipment issued to employees must correspond to working conditions and ensure labor safety.

Personal protective equipment must meet the requirements of state standards and technical specifications for personal protective equipment of a specific type and must have documents (certificates of conformity) confirming their compliance with the requirements of technical regulatory legal acts.

Workers exposed to noise levels above permissible levels in the workplace are provided with personal hearing protection (antiphons, headphones, earplugs).

Production processes and operations associated with dust formation exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations for air in the working area must be carried out by workers wearing personal respiratory protection (dust respirators).

When servicing electrical installations, workers must be provided with means of protection against electric shock (electrical protective equipment).

Workers without the necessary personal protective equipment or with faulty personal protective equipment are not allowed to work.

Employees are required to correctly use the special clothing, special shoes and other personal protective equipment provided at their disposal, and in cases of their absence or malfunction, report this to their immediate supervisor.

Employees of organizations are provided with flushing and neutralizing agents in accordance with the Rules for providing employees with flushing and neutralizing agents, approved by the Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Republic of Belarus dated April 27, 2000 No. 70 (National Register of Legal Acts of the Republic of Belarus, 2000, No. 51, 8/ 3484).

Bibliography

1. Shkrabak, V.S. Life safety in agricultural production: textbook / V.S. Shkrabak, A.V. Lukovnikov, A.K. Turgiev. – Moscow: Kolos, 2004. – p. 512s.

2. Kurdyumov, V.I. Zotov, B.I. Design and calculation of safety equipment: textbook. manual for higher students textbook institutions / V.I.Kurdyumov, V.I.Zotov. – Moscow: KolosS, 2005. – 216 p.

3. Filatov L.S. Labor safety in agricultural production. – M.: Rasagropromizdat, 1988. -364 p.: ill.

4. Budnitsky, A.M. Industrial sanitation at repair enterprises: /A.M. Budnitsky, P.V. Khomich, A.M. Litvinov - Minsk: Urajai, 1985 - 152 p.

5. Lecture notes.

6. SNB 2.04.05 – 98. Natural and artificial lighting. – Instead of SNiP 11-4-79; input 07/01/98. – Minsk: Ministry of Construction and Architecture of the Republic of Belarus, 1998. – 59 p.

7. SanPiN 9–80 RB 98. Sanitary rules and regulations. Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises: resolution of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus dated March 25, 1999. No. 12 – 39 p.

8. SNB 3.02.03–03. Administrative and domestic buildings. Introduced 09/01/2003. – Minsk: Ministry of Construction and Architecture of the Republic of Belarus, 2003. – 69 p.

9. GOST 12.0.003–74. System of occupational safety standards. Dangerous and harmful production factors. Classification. – Enter. 01/01/76. M.: Publishing house. standards. – 9s.

Orenburg State University, Orenburg

In this work, an analysis was carried out: working conditions at a machine-building enterprise, industrial injuries and accidents; harmful and dangerous factors of the labor process, safety issues for workers at machine-building enterprises, and protection of life and health of all participants in the production process are considered.

Mechanical engineering is an important sector of the Russian economy. Machine-building enterprises and organizations are equipped with modern production equipment, automated lines and complexes. Automatic manipulators and robots are increasingly being used. Robotic technological complexes and areas, flexible production systems are being introduced. In the process of mastering modern high-tech equipment, two interrelated problems must be solved:

Ensuring the release of quality products;

Ensuring the safety of the production process.

To effectively carry out these tasks, one of the most important components of production is preserving the life and health of direct participants in the technological process - workers. The task of preserving the life and health of workers at the enterprise is carried out by labor protection engineers; it is on these specialists that the injury situation at the enterprise mainly depends, and it is these specialists who are the most important link in preserving the life and health of workers at any machine-building enterprise.

The main reasons for unsatisfactory working conditions are:

Decline in production and unstable operation of many enterprises;

Reducing the volume of capital and preventive repairs of industrial buildings, structures and equipment;

Significant reduction in reconstruction and technical re-equipment work, creation and purchase of new modern safe production technologies and equipment;

Low qualifications of administrative and technical production managers;

Reduced attention to work safety;

Insufficient level of training and control of skills and knowledge on labor protection;

Deterioration of production and technological discipline.

The only enterprise in Russia that has mastered the design and production of a wide range of serial and special presses for various purposes. Branded presses are used in all sectors of industry and agriculture, demonstrate high performance both in giant factories such as VAZ, KAMAZ, and in medium and small businesses, and can significantly increase labor productivity and production profitability.

Organizational structure of the enterprise

1 The mechanical assembly building includes: metal structures shop, mechanical shop, painting and packaging shop, assembly shop, tool building.

· Welding methods - semi-automatic in a carbon dioxide environment, maximum weight of welded structures is 20 tons;

· Oxygen and gas flame cutting of sheets on SGU installations, maximum thickness of the sheet being cut is 300 mm, maximum dimensions 300x12000 mm;

· Cutting sheet metal using guillotine shears, maximum thickness 25 mm, maximum width 3200 mm;

· Cutting of profile and long rolled pipes on cutting machines;

· Straightening of sheet metal on straightening presses up to 40 mm thick, table dimensions 1800x3250mm;

· Production of various profiles on press brakes, sheet thickness 6 mm, maximum sheet width 3200 mm;

· Bending on rollers, the maximum width of the sheet being bent is 3200 mm, the maximum sheet thickness is 20 mm;

· Cold bending of steel pipes with a diameter of up to 72 mm and a bending radius of 320 mm;

In the tool housing, special tools, dies and heat treatment of parts are produced.

· Heat treatment of parts (quenching, tempering, annealing, carburization, normalization);

· Heat treatment of rotating parts with a diameter from 20 to 500 mm, length up to 5000 mm on a HDTV installation;

The machine shop performs mechanical processing of workpieces and welded structures.

· Turning and rotary machining of parts with a diameter of up to 3000 mm;

· Turning of parts with a diameter of up to 900 mm, a length of up to 8000 mm;

· Grinding of parts:

· round, diameter up to 710mm, length up to 6000mm;

· internal, diameter up to 500mm, length up to 3400mm

· flat, width up to 1600mm, height up to 1500mm, length up to 3500mm;

Planing processing of parts 1800mm wide, 000mm high, 6000mm long;

Turning and boring machining of body parts weighing up to 12 tons;

In the painting and packaging shop, manufactured equipment is painted, packaged and shipped.

In the assembly shop, presses and other equipment are assembled and debugged.

2 The engineering and technical service ensures the normal operation of the enterprise.

3 Design service, which has on its staff highly qualified designers capable of creating forging and pressing equipment of any complexity.

The following technologies are implemented on forging and pressing machines developed and manufactured:

· pressing - unpressing of rolling stock wheel pairs. d.;

· crimping of wheel pair tire collars;

· trimming the crankshaft dumbbells of a diesel locomotive engine;

· Troubleshooting the connecting rod and piston group of a diesel locomotive engine;

· assembly of the connecting rod and piston group of a diesel locomotive engine;

· painting of large track machines;

· molding of abrasive tools;

· pressing of construction products;

· forming steel-pouring stock;

· production of wheel rims for KamAZ vehicles;

· molding products from rubber compounds;

· production of products from sheet thermoplastics;

· production of ceramic facing tiles;

· hardening of turbine blades;

· sheet stamping, including deep drawing;

· extracting oil from sunflower seeds;

· production of carbon fiber sheets;

· molding of asbestos-filled materials;

· molding of thermoplastics;

· production of multilayer printed circuit boards;

· pressing of explosive mixtures;

· crimping of sleeves;

· pressing of chipboard and plywood;

The enterprise has administrative and public control over labor protection. In each workshop at each production site there are control logs in which records and notes are constantly kept on the implementation of work to create safe working conditions.

The enterprise consists of an administrative building and shops: mechanical assembly, tool, assembly.

The territory of the plant is landscaped and landscaped. There are two fountains, flower beds, trees and shrubs. Access roads are asphalted. There are outdoor recreation areas for staff.

The entire variety of working conditions encountered in practice is divided into four classes according to the levels of harmful and dangerous factors.

2nd grade- acceptable (environmental and labor process factors do not exceed established standards, and possible changes in the functional state of the body caused by fatigue, fatigue are restored during regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift).

Classes 1 and 2 correspond to safe working conditions.

Harmful working conditions are divided into 4 degrees according to the degree of changes in the body of workers.

1st degree 3rd class(3.1) - causes reversible changes in the body and causes the risk of developing a disease.

2nd degree 3rd class(3.2) - causes persistent functional impairment, temporary loss of ability to work, and initial signs of occupational pathology.

3rd degree 3rd class(3.3) - causes the development of mild occupational pathology and an increase in overall chronic morbidity.

4th degree 3rd class(3.4) - causes pronounced forms of occupational diseases, a high level of general morbidity.

4th class - extreme, dangerous (4) - production factors, even during part of the work shift, pose a threat to life and create a high risk of acute occupational injuries.

The analysis of workplace certification cards showed the presence of dangerous and harmful factors in the labor process, and violations of working conditions for workers.

Having analyzed the workplace certification cards for 2013, we can draw the following conclusion that certification was carried out for 347 workplaces based on working conditions. As a result of certification, 133 workplaces were recognized as conditionally certified. At the same time, class 3.1 is installed at 111 workplaces, class 3.2 - at 20 workplaces, class 3.3 - at 1 workplace. Noise disturbances were observed in 107 workplaces, microclimate disturbances in 6 workplaces, and exposure to chemical factors on workers was recorded in 11 workplaces. Plumbers (3 jobs) are exposed to biological factors. There are excesses in the severity of the labor process at 114 workplaces.

Figure 1 – Number of jobs depending on the violation

Surgery" href="/text/category/hirurgiya/" rel="bookmark">surgical diseases - 13.5%; 3 - colds 12.7%; 4 - diseases of the cardiovascular system - 9.2%. If To analyze the incidence rate for the period 2008-2013, it can be noted that 1st place is occupied by colds, 2nd place by diseases of the musculoskeletal system, 3rd place by diseases of the cardiovascular system, 4th place by household injuries.

Labor cooperation" href="/text/category/kooperatciya_truda/" rel="bookmark">labor cooperation and, as a consequence, the placement of workers in production; organization of workplaces; establishment of working hours; technical standardization of labor; organization of wages.

The task of labor organization is to create conditions for increasing labor productivity in the enterprise. Increasing labor productivity is one of the main indicators of technological progress and the most important source of growth in workers' well-being.

One of the tasks of labor organization is to strengthen labor discipline. Labor discipline is a system of measures to increase labor efficiency and continuous work process. Internal regulations are of great importance for strengthening labor discipline at the enterprise. They determine the responsibilities of the administration, workers and employees of the enterprise. The main directions in the field of improving labor organization are: distributing workers into shifts, taking into account their professionalism and psychological compatibility, conducting briefings on safety requirements, all kinds of briefings with enterprise employees, improving the skills of workers, and implementing other labor protection and safety measures.

Production discipline is understood as the implementation of orders and instructions from superiors, compliance with labor protection rules, safety regulations, and the requirements of the scientific organization of labor. In this regard, in modern production, managers at all levels, especially foremen and heads of sections and workshops, play a large role in ensuring high labor and production discipline in the workforce. The life and health of workers depends on the daily and painstaking work of managers performing their duties at mechanical engineering enterprises to ensure normal working conditions and compliance with all safety requirements when performing all work.

Occupational safety and health is a complex area of ​​knowledge, covering technical, hygienic, legal, and socio-economic issues. The difficulty lies in the fact that the basis of labor protection is an extensive regulatory framework. And in order to always navigate labor safety issues, enterprise managers and their assistants need to constantly monitor changes in the regulatory framework for labor protection and be guided by them in everyday life. All labor safety activities are constantly aimed at preventing accidents and preserving the life and health of the enterprise’s employees, which is the most important task of the manager of a machine-building enterprise. Each injury should be considered at the enterprise as a signal that significant mistakes have been made in the organization of production and not all is well in the work of labor protection. All industrial accidents entail economic and moral costs, and therefore ensuring labor protection requirements and maintaining a high level of occupational safety is one of the most important tasks for all enterprises.

Bibliography

1. Occupational safety in mechanical engineering: a textbook for students. institutions prof. education. – /.-M.: Publishing center “Academy”, 2010. – 256 p.

2. Occupational safety: textbook – 5th ed., revised. and additional – /.-M.: FORUM: INFRA-M, 2013. – 512 p. (Professional education)

3. R 2.2.755-99 “Hygienic assessment criteria and classification of working conditions according to indicators of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, severity and intensity of the labor process”

4. Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated July 17, 1999 “On the fundamentals of labor protection in the Russian Federation” (as amended by Federal Law dated January 1, 2001 No. 53-FZ).

5. Occupational safety: textbook for bachelors. – /.-M.: Yurayt Publishing House, 2013 – 380 p. – Series: Bachelor. Basic course.

Abstract of the dissertationin medicine on the topic Hygienic assessment of working conditions and their optimization at modern power engineering enterprises

As a manuscript

DANCHENKO VASILY VLADIMIROVICH

HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CONDITIONS AND THEIR OPTIMIZATION AT MODERN POWER ENGINEERING ENTERPRISES

St. Petersburg 2009

The work was carried out at the state educational institution of higher professional education “St. Petersburg State Medical Academy named after. I.I. Mechnikov Federal Agency for Health and Social Development."

Scientific adviser:

Doctor of Medical Sciences

Professor Svidovy Vasily Ivanovich

Official opponents:

Doctor of Medical Sciences

Professor Chernova Galina Ivanovna

Doctor of Medical Sciences

Professor Baev Vladimir Ivanovich

Leading institution: Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Military Medical Academy named after. CM.

Kirov" RF Ministry of Defense

The defense will take place on December 10, 2009. in hours at a meeting of the dissertation council D 208.086.02 GOUVPO “St. Petersburg State Medical Academy named after. I. I. Mechnikov Federal Agency for Health and Social Development.” (195067, St. Petersburg, Piskarevsky Ave., 47).

The dissertation can be found in the library of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “St. Petersburg State Medical Academy named after I.I. Mechnikov Federal Agency for Health and Social Development" at the address: 195067, St. Petersburg, Piskarevsky pr., 47.

Scientific Secretary

dissertation council,

Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor

Vorobyova Lidiya Vasilievna

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

Relevance of the topic. The main goal of the state in the medium term is to resolve issues of preserving the country's labor resources as the most important productive force of society, and these issues cannot be resolved without radically improving working conditions and the health of the country's labor potential (N. F. Izmerov, 2006). Mechanical engineering is one of the most important industries in the development of the country's economic growth. The development of modern technical means, improvement of technological processes and equipment is accompanied by an increase in the power and dimensions of metalworking units, the implementation of mechanized processes of assembly and welding of large-sized products, which leads to a significant complex effect on the body of workers of physical and chemical factors (noise, vibration, unsatisfactory microclimatic conditions, dust and air pollution in the working area, low and uneven illumination of workplaces, physical and nervous stress, welding aerosols), as well as various solvents during paint and varnish operations. The influence on the human body of these factors, which exceed the MPC in their intensity levels and concentrations, causes the occurrence of a number of pathological conditions relating to both specific sensory structures of the inner ear and the body as a whole.

Numerous studies devoted to the problem of the influence of industrial environmental factors on the body (Andreeva - Galanina E. Ts., Artamonova V.G., 1963; Artamonova V.G., Shchatalov N.N., 1988, Vozhzhova A.I., 1960; Izmerov N. .F., Suvorov G.A., Kuralesin N.A., 1999) adhered to the monofactorial principle, in which the effect and its consequences of only one occupationally harmful factor were studied, for example, only noise or vibration, welding aerosols, etc. .

In modern mechanical engineering, mechanical processing and assembly processes, which are characterized by the processing and assembly of parts, assemblies and products of non-standard and very large dimensions, occupy a large specific role; performing basic operations in single premises of large multi-span buildings. This determines the complex combination of various factors in the production environment and the uniqueness of workers’ work activities.

leading professions, which include machine operators and mechanical assembly mechanics.

5. study the influence of working conditions on the level of occupational morbidity and occupational diseases;

Scientific novelty. For the first time, comprehensive studies of the main professions in the mechanical assembly shops of a large power engineering enterprise were carried out. A hygienic characteristic of the conditions and nature of work activity is given in terms of the harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process. It has been established that out of 65 professional groups working in 180 workplaces, 60 work in hazardous working conditions and only 5 of them correspond to acceptable ones. Occupational risk categories range from moderate to very high. It has been proven that in terms of the severity of labor, the main professions can be classified as class 2 (permissible), in terms of intensity - class 3, 1-2 degrees.

penalties, mechanics of mechanical assembly work - by severity - to class 3, 1st degree, by intensity - to class 3, 2-4 degrees (harmful 3.2 - 3.4).

Workers in mechanical assembly shops engaged in metal processing on metal-cutting machines are exposed to a complex vapor-gas-aerosol mixture of thermal destruction products of industrial lubricants and dust containing up to 10% free silicon dioxide. With increasing work experience (more than 15 years or more), the number of people tending to decrease external respiration indicators increases, which is a consequence of developing pneumosclerosis.

At all workplaces, noise parameters, both in terms of the overall intensity level and in the frequency spectrum, exceed existing sanitary standards from 2 to 9 dBA and from 3 to 21 dB, respectively. The noise is constant in nature, broadband, medium and high frequency, which leads to a significant portion of hearing impairment. Sensorineural hearing loss develops with damage to the sound-receiving apparatus with an increase in the frequency and degree of hearing loss, depending on the professional experience of workers. New data on the level and structure of general morbidity have been obtained. Due to unsatisfactory working conditions, there is an increase in indicators, both in cases and in days of incapacity, from year to year. Workers in the age groups 40-44, 45-49 and 50-54 years old are the most affected, i.e. the most qualified workers. A relationship has been established between the specifics of working conditions and morbidity levels with VUT, which indicates occupationally-related morbidity in the main groups of workers studied. This makes it possible to scientifically predict health-improving activities based on specific and real working conditions and health status.

Practical value of the work

The research results made it possible to develop a set of sanitary, hygienic and medical preventive measures that are aimed at improving working conditions and reducing the level of occupational, production-related morbidity with temporary disability in mechanical assembly shops of a modern energy enterprise. The data obtained are reflected in the methodological recommendations “Prevention of occupational production-related diseases among workers in mechanical assembly shops of power engineering”, approved by the Chief Specialist in Occupational Pathology of the Health Committee of St. Petersburg Z. Doctor of Science RF, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor V.P. Chaschin 05.03. 09 The materials of the work were introduced into the educational process at the departments of occupational medicine of the St. Petersburg State Medical Academy

them. I. I. Mechnikov and St. Petersburg State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.

1. Workers of the main professional groups of mechanical assembly shops of a large power engineering enterprise are exposed to the complex effects of harmful production factors. The main ones are: noise, local vibration, electromagnetic fields, lead aerosols, siliceous dust, oil aerosols, alkali vapor, sulfuric acid, physical stress.

2. The working conditions of workers in the mechanical assembly shops of a power engineering enterprise affect the level of occupational, production-related morbidity with occupational diseases, which is determined by the impact of harmful production factors on the body. According to the severity and intensity of the working conditions of the main professional groups, it is classified as harmful and dangerous from class 3, 1-2 degrees to 3.4 - mechanics of mechanical assembly work. A clear relationship between working conditions and the development of work-related diseases was noted.

3. The development of preventive comprehensive health measures to improve working conditions and their implementation will allow maintaining a high level of working capacity of workers in workshops for mechanical processing of metal products and reducing occupational production-related morbidity.

Personal participation of the author in obtaining the results. The author’s personal contribution lies in planning, formulating goals and objectives, organizing, participating and conducting research in all sections of scientific research, determining the scope and methods of study, analysis, discussion of the results obtained, drawing conclusions and preparing materials for publication on the research topic. The author’s share of participation in the accumulation of information is 80%, in the processing and analysis of materials - 100%.

Materials and research methods

The work was carried out on the basis of a large power engineering enterprise in St. Petersburg, the Zvezda plant. The objects of the study were machine operators from 5 mechanical assembly shops (180 people), performing various technological operations for mechanical processing of metal products.

To measure noise, the device “OCTAVA -110” was used. AB". The specified equipment has a calibration certificate from the Institute of Metrology named after. D. I. Mendeleev.

Noise measurements were carried out in accordance with GOST 12.1.050-86 “Methods for measuring noise in workplaces”, and hygienic assessment in accordance with SN “Noise in workplaces, in residential and public buildings in residential areas” (SN 2.2.4/2.1. 8.562-96). Both sound levels in dBA and in octave bands of geometric mean frequencies from 31.5 to 8000 Hz were assessed. Vibration measurements were carried out with the above-mentioned device, and its hygienic assessment was carried out in accordance with SN “Industrial vibration, vibration in residential and public buildings” (SN2.2.4/2.1.8.566-96). For intermittent noise, an equivalent level was assessed, and for vibration, corrected vibration velocity levels were assessed.

The assessment of meteorological factors (temperature, relative humidity, air speed), as well as infrared radiation (IR), was carried out using generally accepted methods, standard equipment: Assmann aspiration psychrometer (No. 369), “TAM-1” (No. 147), Noskov actinometer ( No. 245), having verification certificates. The results of the study were assessed in accordance with SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 “Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises.”

Illumination at workplaces was measured using a TKA-04/3 luxmeter. The hygienic assessment was carried out in accordance with SNiP 23-05-95 “Natural and artificial lighting”.

The amount of dust suspended in the air was determined by gravimetric methods using AFA-18 filters made from FPP-15 fabric. For hygienic assessment of dust composition (qualitative analysis), the above filters after weighing

The layers were cleared in acetone vapor (water bath). Microscopic examination of the dust sample was carried out using an immersion system at a magnification of 900 times. The sizes of dust particles were determined using an ocular micrometer.

The research results were assessed in accordance with GOST 12.1.005-88 “General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area” and GN 2.2.5.1313 -03 “Maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in the air of the working area.” Air pollution (vapors of sulfuric acid, alkali, ammonium sulfur, kerosene) at the workplaces of some professional groups (metal pourer, polisher) was determined in the breathing zone. Air sampling was carried out in vessels of limited capacity, followed by determination of the qualitative and quantitative content of the substance in laboratory conditions using the gas chromatographic method (LKhM-8MD chromatograph), and the hygienic assessment was in accordance with GN 2.2.5.1313-03.

Based on the factors of the working environment, assessment of work and rest regimes, as well as physiological changes in the body of workers in mechanical assembly shops, a classification of the conditions and nature of work is given according to the indicators of harmfulness and danger factors of the severity and intensity of labor processes in accordance with the manual R2.2.2006 - 05 “Manual on hygienic assessment of working environment factors and labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions." The assessment of occupational risk to the health of workers was carried out in accordance with Guideline R 2.2.1766 - 03 “Assessment of occupational risk to the health of workers.”

A study of the functional state of the external respiration apparatus of machine operators exposed to oil aerosols was carried out in 80 workers and in 77 people affected by industrial dust, of various ages and years of experience, using the Valenta diagnostic system. The kit includes: spirometric sensor, mouthpieces, nose clips, purge bulb, external respiration function program. Due to the fact that the results of the study largely depend on the participation of the subject, before performing the necessary maneuvers, patients were instructed and demonstrated how to perform them. The procedure was performed with the subject sitting, examinations were carried out no earlier than 20 minutes after arrival and no less than 1.5-2 hours after eating.

To assess pulmonary ventilation, a set of indicators was used that characterize the most important anatomical and physiological properties of the ventilation apparatus: respiratory rate (RR), respiratory volume (RR), minute respiratory volume (MRV), vital capacity (VC), ratio of VC to proper vital capacity ( VC/VEL) for a given sex and age group, volume

forced expiration in one second (FEV|), Tiffno test (FEV1/VC), maximum ventilation (MVL), ratio of MVL to proper MVL (MVL/DMVL). The research results were assessed according to the “Instructions for the use of formulas and tables of proper values ​​of the main spirographic indicators.” 1986. In addition to the spirographic study, large-frame fluorographic examinations were carried out on 77 workers exposed to dust containing silicon dioxide.

The condition of the workers' auditory analyzer was assessed using the pure-tone audiometry method. The studies were carried out with a “081-66” device (USA), which allows the transmission of signals (tone) at frequencies from 125 to 8000 Hz with intensity levels from “O” to 90 dB. Both air and bone conduction were assessed. Audiometric studies were carried out at the North-Western Scientific Center for Hygiene and Public Health, as well as at an enterprise, in a room where noise intensity levels did not exceed 35-40 dBA. The assessment of hearing function in 77 workers in mechanical assembly shops was carried out according to the criteria developed by B. I. Ostapkovich and A. V. Brofman (1982).

The functional state of the cardiovascular system was studied over the course of a working day and week using pulsometry and blood pressure measurements. The main hemodynamic parameters were calculated using the Starr formula: pulse pressure (PP), mean dynamic pressure (MDP), minimum and maximum pressure. The average dynamic pressure is the result of all variable pressures in the arteries and is determined by the formula:

SDD = SD + 2 DD: 3, where

SD - systolic pressure; DC - diastolic pressure.

The state of morbidity with VUT was assessed according to the following indicators: the number of sick people, the number of cases and days of disability per 100 workers, the average duration of one case of disability for individual nosological forms by class in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases, X Revision, based on materials from primary visits, cards of periodic medical examinations and form 2T for 3 years (2005-2007). Factory management employees of 100 people were taken as a control group.

To process the obtained material, the following methods of mathematical statistics were used: Student's t test for equality of means (with unknown variance) with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, linear correlation analysis, y2 criterion. The sample was checked for normality. The following indicators were also calculated: standard deviation of the arithmetic mean value (a) (V.I.,

Junkerov, S. G. Grigoriev, 2002). When testing all hypotheses, the significance level was used (a=0.05). Statistical processing of the results was carried out using Microsoft Excel for Windows.

Research results

From the State Report (2007) “On the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation” it follows that the trend towards worsening working conditions continues in almost all industries, despite the reduction in production volumes. More than 21.4% of the total number of workers in industry work in hazardous conditions that do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards, more than half of them are women. Including, more than 2.5 million people work in conditions of increased noise, increased dust and gas pollution - 3.5 million, and about 0.7 million people in conditions of heavy physical labor.

The structure and levels of morbidity are directly dependent on the harmful and unfavorable factors of the production environment and the labor process, adequately reflecting the state of production. Modern production is characterized by the complex impact of low-intensity occupational factors combined with psycho-emotional stress, hypokinesia and monotonous work.

At the same time, information loads are increasing in industry, creating conditions for the development of new forms of occupational diseases, and the so-called “production-related” ones, which have received legal status (G. P. Skvirskaya, 2001).

All of the above determines the complex combination of multicomponent factors of the production environment, the uniqueness of the work activities of numerous professional groups of leading professions, such as machine operators and mechanical assembly mechanics. Jobs and professions of the same type were combined, if there were no significant differences in indications, and were assessed as a single whole, regardless of the workshop and site.

The study of working conditions, which were carried out in accordance with the purpose and objectives of the research in mechanical assembly shops, made it possible to evaluate 180 jobs and assess the working conditions of 54 professional groups of workers.

As a result of this work, the technological process and working conditions of the main professions of mechanical assembly shops were studied: mechanical assembly mechanic, tool maker, adjuster, milling machine operator, gear hobbing operator, gear cutter, CNC machine operator, lathe operator, driller, boring lathe operator, polisher, honing operator, sharpener, pourer metal, closer and thermist.

Mechanical shops are designed for mechanical processing of metal (turning, planing, drilling, milling, grinding, polishing, etc.). Metal processing on metal-cutting machines operating with blade tools (cutter, milling cutter, drill) is carried out by removing chips to obtain a certain shape, size and quality of the processed surface. Another group of machines is equipped with abrasive tools (grinding, polishing, sharpening wheels). The use of various tools and the method of metal processing have a certain impact on hygienic conditions and labor characteristics. Each machine is serviced by one machine operator of one profession or another. On machines with numerical control (CNC), several machines are serviced by one machine operator.

Photochronometric observations showed that the main work of various professions in metal cutting is from 60 to 81.7% of working time. For machine operators of universal equipment, the duration of active actions per shift reaches 98%.

A hygienic assessment of working conditions in mechanical assembly shops showed that production processes are characterized by a large volume of work performed, a variety of operations and the impact of a complex of unfavorable factors on workers of various professional groups. The leading ones are: unfavorable microclimate, when the temperature in the cold season is below acceptable values ​​(from 9°C to 12.8°C), low air mobility - 0.1 m/s. At all workplaces, noise parameters, both in terms of the overall intensity level and in the frequency spectrum, exceed existing sanitary standards from 2 to 9 dBA and from 3 to 21 dB, respectively. The maximum sound energy is in the frequency range from 250 to 8000 Hz. The noise is constant in nature, broadband, medium and high frequency. The dust content in almost all workplaces exceeds the maximum permissible concentration from 2 to 7 times, and when performing grinding and polishing work up to 20 times. At the metal pouring site, workers are exposed to electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies from the high-frequency furnace "LPZ - 267M" (the intensity of the electric and magnetic components is respectively 90 V/m and 23.5 A/m. (MPL 90 V/m and 5 A/m. ) When processing bronze, lead aerosols at machine operators' workplaces exceed the maximum permissible concentration from 2 to 10 times, oil aerosols - 5.8 mg/m3 (maximum concentration 5 mg/m3). In the areas of degreasing and etching of parts, the concentration of alkali vapors ranged from 0. 2 to 1.0 mg/m3 (MPC 0.5 mg/m3) and sulfuric acid 0.1 - 0.2 mg/m3 (MPC 1 mg/m3) Infrared radiation from operating heating furnaces, as well as from poured and cooling metal is 2800 W/m2 and in molds - 1400 W/m2, respectively, which exceeds sanitary standards by 10 to 20 times. Thermal radiation levels in open electric furnaces in

at the time of their maintenance, were 1200 - 1500 W/m2, which is from 8 to 11 times higher than existing standards (MPL = 140 W/m2).

In most workplaces, artificial lighting does not correspond to standardized values ​​(the norm is 200 lux), and is uneven (from 50 to 180 lux), which causes workers to complain about visual fatigue during the working day and week.

In the mechanical assembly shop (MSC-1), based on 1468 measurements taken, an assessment was made of 17 professional groups at 50 workplaces. It was established that 17 professions work in hazardous working conditions. The leading unfavorable factor that poses a real danger to workers is lead. Due to the fact that bronze parts are processed not on fixed machines, but in a common room, almost all workplaces in the workshop are contaminated with lead (from 0.02 to 0.50 mg/m3, i.e. up to 45 times the maximum permissible concentration ). In most workplaces, noise levels exceed the maximum limit. At the pouring site, high levels of thermal radiation were observed when pouring metal (2800 W/m2 and into molds - 1400 W/m2), which exceeds sanitary standards by 10 to 20 times.

Low air temperature and insufficient lighting in the workplace contributed to an unsatisfactory assessment of working conditions on the scale as harmful and dangerous (grade 3). Assessment of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger for individual professions: milling operators - labor in terms of severity is considered acceptable (class 2), in terms of intensity - class 3, 1-2 degrees (harmful); turner for processing liners - in terms of the severity of work it belongs to class 2, in terms of intensity - class 3, 4 degrees; grinders (dry and wet grinding) - rated as acceptable (class 2), and in terms of tension - class 3, 2nd degree and 1st degree, respectively. Professions: driller, honing operator, polisher, sharpener and CNC machine operator - the work is assessed as acceptable (class 2), in terms of intensity - class 3, 1st degree (harmful 3.1). The work of a mechanical assembly mechanic can be assessed as acceptable in terms of severity, and in terms of intensity - 3rd class, 3rd degree.

The results of the study, time observations and data from 550 analyzes and measurements of working environment factors made it possible to assess the occupational risk for the main occupational groups in the mechanical assembly shop (MSC-2). Harmful and dangerous working conditions (class 3, degrees 1 and 2) include 11 out of 12 professional groups working in 30 workplaces. The main unfavorable factors are increased noise levels and dust levels in workplaces exceeding the maximum permissible limits and maximum permissible concentrations. Such professions include: turner, boring machine, driller, milling machine operator, polisher, grinder, sharpener, washing machine operator. In all of the above professions, work in terms of severity belongs to class 2, in terms of intensity

sti - to 3rd class 1st degree. Mechanic of mechanical assembly work - labor in terms of severity belongs to class 3, 1st degree, in terms of intensity - to class 3, 2nd degree.

In the 3rd mechanical assembly shop (MSS-3), 350 analyzes and measurements were performed. Out of 11 professional groups, 9 professions work in 40 workplaces in hazardous conditions. For certain professions: turner, sharpener, milling machine operator, CNC machine operator - in terms of the severity of work they are classified as permissible (class 2), in terms of intensity - in class 3, 1st degree (harmful). The profession of a polisher, mechanical assembly mechanic and driller - in terms of the severity of work they belong to the 3rd class of the 2nd degree, in terms of intensity - to the 3rd class of the 4th degree. Unfavorable factors include: increased levels of noise and vibration, low air temperature, dust concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible concentration.

In (MSC - 4), 8 professional groups work in hazardous conditions; only the driller has acceptable working conditions. Unfavorable factors in the production environment include increased noise levels and dust concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible concentration. The professions of a turner, a milling machine operator, a gear miller, a gear shaper, a closer, a polisher, and a sharpener - in terms of the severity of labor they belong to class 2 (permissible), in terms of intensity - to class 3, 1st degree. Grinder - his work is assessed as acceptable in terms of severity (class 2), in terms of intensity - class 3, 2nd degree.

In (MSC-6), 16 professional groups for 40 jobs were surveyed. 954 analyzes and measurements were performed. The main unfavorable factors include increased noise levels, dust concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible concentration, and insufficient lighting in all 16 occupational groups. In 15 professional groups, hazardous working conditions are classified as class 3, degree 1, and for a grinder and thermal operator - class 3, degree 2 (3.2).

The general assessment of working conditions, taking into account the factors of the working environment and the labor process, in terms of the degree of harmfulness and danger by profession corresponds to: milling operator - 3rd class, 1-2 degrees (harmful 3.1 - 3.2)), gear milling operator - 3rd class, 1st degree (harmful 3.1), thread milling operator - 3rd class 1st degree (harmful 3.1), turner - 3rd class 1st degree (harmful 3.1.); turner-driller - 3rd class 2nd degree (harmful Z.2.), turner for processing lead liners - 3rd class 3rd degree ( harmful 3.2), driller - 3 class 1-2 degrees (harmful 3.1

3.2), door closer - 3rd class, 2nd degree (harmful 3.2), tooth-cutter - 3rd class, 1st degree (harmful 3.1), heat handler - 3rd class, 1st degree (harmful 3.1), polisher

3rd class 2nd degree (harmful 3.2), grinder - 3rd class 2-3 degrees (harmful 3.2 - 3.3), gear grinder - 3rd class 1st degree (harmful 3.1), mechanical assembly mechanic - 3rd class 2-3 degrees (harmful 3.2 - 3.3 ), delivery mechanic - 3rd class, 2nd degree (harmful 3.2), tool mechanic - 2nd class (permissible), washing machine operator - 3rd class, 1st degree (harmful 3.1).

Thus, the assessment of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger revealed that out of 65 professional groups working in 180 workplaces, 60 of them work in hazardous working conditions and only 5 of them correspond to acceptable ones.

Due to the fact that workers in mechanical assembly shops are exposed to aerosols of lubricants and dust containing free silicon dioxide from 2 to 40%, a spirographic and fluorographic examination of the pulmonary system was carried out. The state of external respiration functions was studied in 80 male machine operators exposed to oil aerosols and 46 workers in the same workshops exposed to silica-containing dust. The first group of machine operators, 48 ​​people, consisted of workers 20-39 years old with work experience of up to 15 years, the 2nd group - 32 people, aged 40 years or more with work experience of more than 15 years. As a result of studies in the studied groups, an increase in breathing rate, an increase in respiratory volume (RR), and minute volume of breathing (MRV) were established. Indicators of vital capacity (VC) were reduced compared to the control by 408 ml in the age group of 3039 years and by 743 ml in the group of 40-59 years. There was a moderate decrease in the ratio of vital capacity to expected (vital capacity) in the 1st group and a significant decrease in the 2nd group. Maximum pulmonary ventilation (MVV) decreased by 22.6 and 21.1 l/s, respectively, and a moderate decrease in the ratio of MVV to expected was noted in both age groups. At the same time, forced expiratory volume (FEV|) and Tiffno test were within normal limits. Impaired pulmonary ventilation develops in a restrictive manner, i.e. the caliber of the bronchi appears to be increased relative to the volume of the lungs. In this regard, bronchial resistance decreases, and bronchial conductivity indicators do not undergo significant changes. At the same time, spirogram speed indicators (FEV>) remain normal or even exceed the norm (Tiffno test). All of the above suggests that changes in the pulmonary system are associated with the specific working conditions of machine operators when using industrial oils. Large-frame fluorography of workers revealed sclerotic changes in the lungs (increased pulmonary pattern, increased pattern of the roots of the lungs like reticular pneumoscoperosis).

Thus, workers in mechanical assembly shops engaged in metal processing on metal-cutting machines are exposed to a complex vapor-gas-aerosol mixture of thermal destruction products of industrial lubricants. With increasing work experience (more than 15 years), the number of people with a tendency to decrease external respiration indicators increases, which is a consequence of developing pneumoscoperosis.

Indicators of external respiration function among workers in mechanical assembly shops when exposed to dust indicate that in the age groups 20-29, 30-39 years old, there is an increase in vital capacity indicators in comparison with the norms for these age and sex groups. Only at the age of 40-49 years, after 5 years of work, in addition to an increase in vital capacity in 6.5% of cases, there is a slight decrease in this indicator (3.8%).

The state of the auditory analyzer was studied in 97 machine operators. The otoscopic picture of most of them was normal. However, 11.4% of the examined workers showed mild changes in the eardrums in the form of turbidity and retraction. These changes depended on the work experience of the subjects and did not significantly affect the state of auditory function. Impaired hearing function was detected in 1/3 of workers in mechanical assembly shops when assessed by whispered speech and the method of tonal threshold audiometry. 29.9% had signs of noise impact on the organ of hearing, and 9.4% had bilateral cochlear neuritis. There is a clear dependence of the prevalence and severity of changes in auditory function on length of service. For example, 7.4% of individuals showed signs of noise influence with work experience of 4 to 7 years, which indicates an increased individual sensitivity of these individuals to the noise factor. Bilateral cochlear neuritis developed with work experience of more than 15 years, and its frequency was significant (p<0,05) нарастала после 20 лет работы. Преимущественно, у 9 из 11% были выявлены кохлеарные невриты с легкой и умеренной степенью потери слуха.

The greatest hearing loss among machine operators was observed in the high frequency range by air conduction from 27.1±1.0 to 39.0±2.2 dB (averaged), less pronounced at speech frequencies - 13.1±1.0 dB and comparatively small in the frequency range 125 and 250 Hz (10.9±0.9 and 11.8±0.9 dB). Approximately the same data were obtained in bone conduction hearing studies.

Thus, an assessment of the state of the auditory analyzer among workers in mechanical assembly shops revealed a significant incidence of hearing impairment. Hearing loss develops with damage to the sound-receiving apparatus, depending on the length of work.

Hemodynamic indicators of the functional state of the cardiovascular system among machine operators in the dynamics of the working day and week fluctuated within the physiological norm. Thus, the pulse rate of short-term workers was on average 69.91±2.64, and that of long-term workers was 69.48±2.2 beats. per minute In 89.09% of cases among experienced workers and in 62.2% of cases among short-experienced workers, the pulse decreased within 4 hours from the start of work, and by the end of the shift the number of cases of a decrease in the level of function compared to the pre-working level was 76 in the groups of machine operators. 36 and 53.33% respectively. Average dynamic pressure is known to be one of the most stable geo-

modynamic indicators. Among the experienced workers, its average values ​​were slightly above the lower limit of the norm - 80.9 ± 2.4, and among those with little experience, even below the norm - 79.59 ± 2.2 mm. rt. Art. Its changes during the shift were insignificant, but in general there was a tendency to increase the average dynamic pressure by the end of the working day in both groups of workers by 2-6 mm. rt. Art. Pulse pressure tended to slightly increase during the working day. Its average values ​​were within the physiological norm and, accordingly, were equal to: 43.45 ± 2.85 mm. rt. Art. among trainees and 41.64±2.8 mm. Hg among low-tenured workers. Differences in indicators between groups (p > 0.05). Fluctuations in blood pressure (BP) levels among workers in mechanical assembly shops during the working day and week were insignificant and amounted to a maximum pressure of 124.03 ± 2.2 for trainees and 125.67 ± 2.62 mm. rt. Art. among low-tenured workers.

The absolute statistical indicators of the heart rate of machine operators at the beginning of the work shift corresponded in their values ​​to the normal state. By the end of the shift, with a high degree of reliability, a decrease in the arithmetic mean of the cardiointerval, variation range, and an increase in the amplitude of the mode are observed, which indicates an increase in the central influences on the sinus node. The tension index, as an indicator that gives an integral idea of ​​the relationship between nervous and humoral factors regulating heart rate and the degree of centralization of its control, increases throughout the entire shift and is within the limits characterizing the state of tension. Thus, an individual analysis showed that in 50% of observations by the end of the working day the tension index ranges from 205 to 558. Consequently, the noted changes in the statistical indicators of the heart rate of workers in mechanical assembly shops in the dynamics of the working day indicate an increase in sympathetic influences on the heart rate under the influence of production factors .

An analysis of morbidity with temporary disability showed that the leading diseases in the structure of morbidity with acute disability are: the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the musculoskeletal and connective tissue, and the digestive system. There is an increase in indicators both in cases and in days of incapacity compared to the control group. For example, diseases of the circulatory system were 15.2 cases (2005) and 21.5 in 2007, in 20.3 and 21.1 days, respectively. Diseases characterized by increased blood pressure - from 10.6 to 13.6 in cases and from 10.0 to 18.2 in days (2005-2007).

For almost all nosological forms of diseases, a decrease in the duration of one case is observed, with the exception of skin infection and

subcutaneous tissue (2005 - none, 2006 - 13 days and 2007 - 17.8 days). Workers in the age groups 40-44, 45-49 and 50-54 years old are most affected, i.e. the most qualified workers. A significant percentage is coronary heart disease - from 14.8 to 25.6% in the age group 45-49 years (2005) and increasing to 38.33% in 2007. Diseases of the circulatory system in 2005 were 16.80 according to age groups; 20.0 and 22.9%; in 2006 - 24.87; 23.70; 24.73 and in 2007 - 27.07; 23.14; 15.64. High rates were noted for diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, as well as the respiratory and urinary tract. All this can be associated with the adverse effects of professional production-related factors: low air temperatures in workshops during the cold season, exposure to coolant aerosols, silicon-containing dust, noise and vibration parameters exceeding MPL and MPC.

3. Concentrations of silicon-containing dust at all workplaces exceed the maximum permissible limit from 2 to 7 times, and in some cases up to 20. The content of lead aerosols in the non-ferrous metals pouring area ranges from 0.169 to 0.500 mg/m (maximum permissible limit 0.01 mg/m3). The intensity of infrared radiation in the areas where metal is poured from the furnace is 280 W/m2, into molds - 1400 W/m2, which exceeds the maximum permissible level from 10 to 20 times.

8. The leading diseases in the structure of morbidity with VUT are: the circulatory system, respiratory system, musculoskeletal and connective tissue, and digestive system. Workers in the age groups 40-44, 45-49 and 50-54 years old are the most affected, i.e. the most qualified workers. Unfavorable working conditions cause a high level of morbidity with temporary loss of ability to work over the years, both in cases and in days of incapacity for work per 100 workers. For diseases of the circulatory system there were 15.2 cases (2005) and 21.5 in 2007, in days 20.3 and 21.1, respectively. Diseases characterized by increased blood pressure - from 10.6 to 13.6 in cases and from 10.0 to 18.2 in days (2005-2007). There is an increase in both cases and days of disability from year to year.

1. Rospotrebnadzor departments and heads of medical and sanitary departments of enterprises shall monitor the levels of exposure to harmful and dangerous production factors at the workplaces of those working in mechanical assembly shops, taking into account the characteristics of their professional activities.

4. To reduce occupational work-related morbidity and invapidization of patients, it is necessary to organize rehabilitation centers, which are practically absent in the entire Northwestern region.

7. Legislatively, it is necessary to develop documents regulating the relationship between an enterprise and an employee entering work with unfavorable working conditions. It is necessary to take into account the optimal periods of work experience during which the employee demonstrated his maximum performance without the formation of clinical forms of an occupational disease with compensation for such work. Such an organization of work will be beneficial for both the enterprise and the employee himself.

8. In a broader sense, practical recommendations are presented in the methodological recommendations: “Prevention of occupational and production-related diseases among workers in mechanical assembly shops of power engineering”, approved by the Chief Specialist in Occupational Pathology of the Health Committee of the Government of St. Petersburg, z. Doctor of Science RF, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor V.P. Cha-shchin from 05.03.09.

1. Danchenko V.V. Hygienic assessment of noise and vibration in mechanical assembly shops of power engineering /V. I. Svidovy, E. E. Paliskina, V. V. Danchenko // Population health status and risk factors: Mat. scientific-practical Conf. dedicated to the 100th anniversary of St. Petersburg State Medical Academy. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State Medical Academy named after. I.I. Mechnikova, 2007. - pp. 71-74.

2. Danchenko V.V. Hygienic assessment of dust and gas contamination in mechanical assembly shops of power engineering /V. I. Svidovy, E. E. Palishkina, V. V. Danchenko // Population health status and risk factors: Mat. scientifically - practical. Conf. dedicated to the 100th anniversary of St. Petersburg State Medical Academy. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State Medical Academy named after. I.I. Mechnikova, 2007. - P. 74-75.

3. Danchenko V.V. Assessment of professional risk in mechanical assembly shops of power engineering /V. I. Svidovy, E. E. Paliskina, V. V. Danchenko // Materials of the X All-Russian Congress of Hygienists and Sanitary Doctors: Book 2. M.: MZ and social. Development of the Russian Federation, 2007. - P.1201-1204.

4. Danchenko V.V. The state of the auditory analyzer in workers of mechanical assembly shops of power engineering /V. I. Svidovy, E. E. Paliskina, V. V. Danchenko // Materials of the X All-Russian Congress of Hygienists and Sanitary Doctors: Book 2. M.: Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, 2007. - P. 1242-1244.

5. Danchenko V.V. Hygienic assessment of microclimatic conditions in mechanical assembly shops of power engineering /V. I. Svidovy, E. E. Paliskina, V. V. Danchenko // Problems of development of environmental activities, improvement of environmental safety and environmental management: Materials of the intersectoral, international conference - St. Petersburg, 2007. - P.95-97.

6. Danchenko V.V. Health status of workers of the main professional groups of mechanical assembly shops at power engineering enterprises /V. I. Svidovy, E. E. Paliskina, V. V. Danchenko // Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy.-2008. -No. 2.-S. 775-776.

7. Danchenko V.V. State of external respiration of workers exposed to aerosols of lubricants /V. I. Svidovy, E. E. Paliskina, V. V. Danchenko // Permissible impact on the environment and improvement of the environmental safety system: Mat. XVI intersectoral international conference. - St. Petersburg, 2008. - P.78-80.

8. Danchenko V.V. Hygienic assessment of illumination of workplaces of mechanical assembly shops of power engineering enterprises / V.V. Danchenko, E.E. Paliskina // Research and development in priority areas in medicine: Mat. scientific and practical conference of St. Petersburg State Medical Academy named after. I. I. Mechnikova. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State Medical Academy named after. I. I. Mechnikova, 2008. pp. 82 - 83.

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Chapter 1. Occupational risk factors when working on metal machining (literature review).

1.1. Hygienic assessment of physical factors of the production environment

1.2. Hygienic assessment of chemical factors in the production environment

1.3. The influence of production environment factors on the body of workers.

Chapter 2. Scope and methods of research.

2.1. Measurement, hygienic assessment of noise and vibration.

2.2. Assessment of meteorological factors and illumination.

2.3. Study of dust and air pollution in workplaces.

2.4. Classification of conditions and nature of work.

2.5. Study of the functional state of the external respiration apparatus.

2.6. Study of the functions of the auditory analyzer.

2.7. Assessment of the functional state of the cardiovascular system.

2.8. Analysis of morbidity with VUT and occupational diseases.

2.9. Statistical processing of research results.

Chapter 3. Hygienic characteristics of working conditions in mechanical assembly shops of the production under study.

3.1. Characteristics of working conditions.

3.2. Hygienic assessment of working environment factors.

3.2.1. Hygienic assessment of noise and vibration.

3.2.2. Hygienic assessment of dust and gas contamination.

3.2.3. Hygienic assessment of microclimatic conditions.

3.2.4. Hygienic assessment of electromagnetic fields.

3.2.5. Assessment of artificial illumination of workplaces.

3.2.6. Assessment of occupational risk when performing basic production processes.

Chapter 4. Materials of clinical and functional studies.

4.1. The state of external respiration of workers exposed to aerosols of lubricants.(.

4.2. Indicators of external respiration function of workers in mechanical assembly shops exposed to industrial dust.

4.3. Functional state of the cardiovascular system of machine operators.

4. 4. The state of the auditory analyzer among workers in mechanical assembly shops.

Chapter 5. Morbidity with temporary disability and occupational morbidity.

5.1. Occupational morbidity.

5.2. Morbidity with temporary disability.

5.3.Medical and biological indicators of occupational risk.

Chapter 6. Discussion of research results.

Chapter 7. Ways to improve working conditions.

Introduction of the dissertationon the topic "Hygiene", Danchenko, Vasily Vladimirovich, abstract

Relevance of the topic. The main goal of the state in the medium term is to resolve issues of preserving the country’s labor resources as the most important productive force of society, and these issues cannot be resolved without radically improving working conditions and the health of the country’s labor potential (Izmerov N. F., 2006). Mechanical engineering is one of the most important industries in the development of the country's economic growth. The development of modern technical means, improvement of technological processes^ and equipment is accompanied by an increase in the power and dimensions of metalworking units, the implementation of mechanized processes of assembly and welding of large-sized products, which leads to a significant complex effect on the body and workers of physical and chemical factors (noise, vibration, unsatisfactory microclimatic conditions , dust and gas contamination in the air of the working area, low and uneven illumination of workplaces, physical and nervous stress, welding aerosols), as well as various solvents during paint and varnish operations. The influence on the human body of these factors, which exceed the MPC in their intensity levels and concentrations, causes the occurrence of a number of pathological conditions relating to both specific sensory structures of the inner ear and the body as a whole.

To ensure healthy working conditions, it is necessary to introduce a system of economic benefits and incentives for enterprises and design organizations in order to introduce modern and safe technological processes for humans and the environment, and their automation; Conducting social and hygienic monitoring of working conditions and the health status of workers, and mandatory course hygienic training at enterprises with hazardous working conditions.

Numerous studies devoted to the problem of the influence of industrial environmental factors on the body (Andreeva - Galanina E. Ts., Artamonova V.G., 1963; Artamonova V.G., Shchatalov N.N., 1988, Vozhzhova A.I., 1960; Izmerov N.F., Suvorov G.A., Kuralesin N.A., 1999) adhered to the monofactorial principle, in which the action and its consequences of only one occupationally harmful factor were studied, for example, only noise or vibration, welding aerosols, etc. d.

In modern mechanical engineering, a large share is occupied by mechanical processing and assembly processes, which are characterized by the processing and assembly of parts, assemblies and products of non-standard and very large dimensions; performing basic operations in single premises of large multi-span buildings. This determines the complex combination of various factors in the production environment and the uniqueness of the work activities of workers in leading professions, which include machine operators and mechanical assembly mechanics.

Despite the significant role played by large mechanical engineering in the development of the country's economy, there is a limited amount of information on this problem.

Purpose of the study. The main goal of this work is a comprehensive assessment of the factors of the production environment in shops for mechanical processing of metal products of a large power engineering enterprise and the development of measures to improve working conditions in assembly shops.

To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. study the technological process in workshops for mechanical processing of metal products;

2. evaluate the main production factors during the work of leading professions in the mechanical assembly shops of a machine-building enterprise;

3. obtain social and hygienic characteristics of the main professional groups;

4. assess working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger, severity and intensity in accordance with the “Guide to the hygienic assessment of factors in the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions" (R2.2.2006 - 05);

5. study the influence of working conditions on* the level of occupational morbidity and occupational diseases;

6. determine the degree of risk of developing work-related diseases in accordance with the Guidelines “Assessment of occupational risk for the health of workers” (R.2.2.1766 - 03);

7. develop a set of measures aimed at improving working conditions, reducing general and occupational morbidity.

Scientific novelty. For the first time, comprehensive studies of the main professions in the mechanical assembly shops of a large power engineering enterprise were carried out. A hygienic characteristic of the conditions and nature of work activity is given in terms of the harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process. It has been established that out of 65 professional groups working in 180 workplaces, 60 work in hazardous working conditions and only 5 of them correspond to acceptable ones. Categories of occupational risk range from moderate to very high: It has been proven that, according to the degree of severity of work, the main professions can be classified to class 2 (permissible), by tension - to class 3, 1-2 degrees, for mechanics of mechanical assembly work - by severity - to class 3, 1 degree, by tension - to class 3, 2-4 degrees (harmful - 3.2 - 3.4).

Workers in mechanical assembly shops1 engaged in metal processing on metal-cutting machines are exposed to a complex vapor-gas-aerosol mixture of thermal destruction products of industrial lubricants and dust containing up to 10% free silicon dioxide. With increasing work experience (more than 15 years or more), the number of people tending to decrease external respiration indicators increases, which is a consequence of developing pneumosclerosis.

At all workplaces, noise parameters, both in terms of the overall intensity level and in the frequency spectrum, exceed existing sanitary standards from 2 to 9 dBA and from 3 to 21 dB, respectively. The noise is constant in nature, broadband, medium and high frequency, which leads to a significant portion of hearing impairment. Sensorineural hearing loss develops with damage to the sound-receiving apparatus with an increase in the frequency and degree of hearing loss, depending on the professional experience of workers. New data on the level and structure of general morbidity have been obtained. Due to unsatisfactory working conditions, there is an increase in indicators, both in cases and in days of incapacity, from year to year. Workers in the age groups 40-44, 45-49 and 50-54 years old are the most affected, i.e. the most qualified workers. A relationship has been established between the specifics of working conditions and morbidity levels with VUT, which indicates occupationally-related morbidity in the main groups of workers studied. This makes it possible to scientifically predict health-improving activities based on specific and real working conditions and health status.

Practical value of the work

The research results made it possible to develop a set of sanitary, hygienic and medical preventive measures that are aimed at improving working conditions and reducing the level of occupational, production-related morbidity with temporary disability in mechanical assembly shops of a modern energy enterprise. The data obtained are reflected in the methodological recommendations “Prevention of occupational production-related diseases among workers in mechanical assembly shops of power engineering”, approved by the Chief Specialist in Occupational Pathology of the Health Committee of St. Petersburg Z. Doctor of Science RF, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor V.P. Chaschin 05.03. 09 The materials of the work were introduced into the educational process at the departments of occupational medicine of the St. Petersburg State1 Medical Academy named after. I. I. Mechnikov and St. Petersburg State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.

The following main provisions are submitted for defense:

1. Workers in the main professional groups of mechanical assembly shops of a large power engineering enterprise are exposed to the complex effects of harmful production factors. The main ones are: noise, local vibration, electromagnetic fields, lead aerosols, siliceous dust, oil aerosols, alkali vapor, sulfuric acid, physical stress.

2. Working conditions for workers in mechanical assembly shops of the power engineering industry. enterprises influence the level of occupational production-related morbidity7 with occupational health, which is determined by the impact on the body1 of harmful production factors. According to the severity and intensity of working conditions of the main professional groups, it is classified as harmful and dangerous from class 3, 1-2 degrees to 3.4 - mechanics of mechanical assembly work. A clear relationship between working conditions and the development of work-related diseases has been noted.

3. The development of preventive comprehensive health measures to improve working conditions and their implementation will allow maintaining a high level of working capacity of workers in workshops for mechanical processing of metal products and reducing occupational production-related morbidity.

Publications. 8 scientific papers have been published on the topic of the dissertation, including 1 article in a journal included in the list of peer-reviewed scientific journals of the Higher Attestation Commission.

Approbation of work. The dissertation materials were presented at scientific and practical conferences: “State of public health and risk factors” (St. Petersburg State Medical Academy named after I.I. Mechnikov, 2007), “At the X All-Russian Congress of Hygienists and Sanitary Doctors (2007); “X intersectoral, international conference. (SPb, 2007)"; “XVI intersectoral international conference (St. Petersburg, 2008); “Prevention of infectious and nonspecific morbidity among military personnel and in enterprises” (St. Petersburg, Military Medical Academy, 2008); scientific and practical conference of young scientists and students of St. Petersburg State Medical Academy named after. I. I. Mechnikova (2008).

Structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 6 chapters, a discussion of the results obtained, conclusions, practical recommendations and a list of references. The text is presented on 138 pages, illustrated with 29 tables and 2 drawings. The list of references includes 208 sources, 179 domestic authors and 30 foreign ones.

Conclusion of the dissertation researchon the topic "Hygienic assessment of working conditions and their optimization at modern power engineering enterprises"

1. The working conditions of working machine operators in mechanical assembly shops of power engineering are characterized by the impact on the body of a complex of unfavorable production factors. A hygienic assessment of workplaces indicates high levels of noise, vibration exceeding the maximum permissible limit, dust in the air of the working area with dust containing silicon dioxide, the presence of oil aerosols and lead exceeding the maximum permissible concentration, unfavorable microclimate and insufficient artificial illumination of workplaces. According to the degree of severity of work, the main professional groups can be classified as class 2 (permissible), and according to intensity - class 3, 1-2 degrees. Mechanical assembly mechanics - in terms of severity - to class 3, 1st degree, in terms of intensity - to class 3, 2nd degree.

2. Microclimate parameters during the cold season range from 9°C to 12.8°C, which is below the permissible values. At all workplaces, both the overall noise levels and the frequency spectrum exceed the maximum permissible limits from 2 to 14 dB A and from 3 to 21 dB, respectively. The maximum sound energy is in the frequency range from 250 to 8000 Hz. The noise is constant in nature, broadband, medium and low frequency. The vibration velocity levels of the hand-held equipment used exceed sanitary standards by 2 times (6 dB).

3. Concentrations of silicon-containing dust at all workplaces exceed the maximum permissible level from 2 to 7 times, and in some cases up to 20. The content of lead aerosols in the non-ferrous metal pouring area ranges from 0.169 to 0.500 mg/m

MPC 0.01 mg/m). Intensity of infrared radiation in areas of the bay

O O ki of metal from the furnace is 280 W/m", in molds - 1400 W/m", which exceeds the maximum permissible level from 10 to 20 times.

4. Artificial lighting at all workplaces ranges from 90 to 170 lux, does not correspond to standardized values, and is uneven, which causes complaints from workers about visual fatigue over the course of the working day and week.

5. Spirographic studies of the functional state of the pulmonary system of workers revealed violations of pulmonary ventilation developing in a restrictive manner. With increasing work experience (more than 15 years), the number of people with a tendency to decrease external respiration indicators increases, which is a consequence of developing pneumosclerosis. Large-frame fluorography revealed an increase in the pulmonary pattern, the roots of the lungs according to the type of reticular pneumosclerosis, which is confirmed by spirography indicators.

6. Assessment of the functional state of the cardiovascular system revealed the sympathotonic orientation of heart rate regulation, which must be taken into account when conducting periodic medical examinations, medical examinations of workers and analysis of morbidity with temporary disability.

7. Impaired hearing function was detected in 1/3 of workers. In 29.9%, signs of noise exposure to the organ of hearing were established, and in 9.4%, bilateral cochlear neuritis, which develops with more than 15 years of work experience. Increased individual sensitivity to noise is noted in 7.4% with work experience from 4 to 7 years. Hearing loss develops with damage to the sound-receiving apparatus.

8. The leading diseases in the structure of morbidity with VUT are: the circulatory system, respiratory system, musculoskeletal and connective tissue, and digestive system. Workers in the age groups 40-44, 45-49 and 50-54 years old are the most affected, i.e. the most qualified workers. Unfavorable working conditions cause a high level of morbidity with temporary loss of ability to work over the years, both in cases and in days of incapacity for work per 100 workers. For diseases of the circulatory system there were 15.2 cases (2005) and 21.5 in 2007, in days 20.3 and 21.1, respectively. Diseases characterized by increased blood pressure - from 10.6 to 13.6 in cases and from 10.0 to 18.2 in days (2005-2007). There is an increase in both cases and days of disability from year to year.

9. As a result of the influence of a complex of unfavorable factors in the labor process, significant changes in clinical and physiological indicators and an increase in the incidence of VUT occur, which indicates the development of occupational production-related diseases among workers in mechanical assembly shops.

1. Rospotrebnadzor departments and heads of medical and sanitary units of enterprises shall monitor the levels of exposure to harmful and dangerous production factors at the workplaces of those working in mechanical assembly shops, taking into account the characteristics of their professional activities.

2. Conducting preliminary and periodic medical examinations taking into account occupational risk factors.

3. Carrying out certification of workplaces with subsequent certification and certification.

4. To reduce occupational work-related morbidity and disability of patients, it is necessary to organize rehabilitation centers, which are practically absent in the entire North-West region.

5. Regular use of adequate personal protective equipment.

6. The most important component of the prevention system is the creation of occupational pathology centers.

7. Legislatively, it is necessary to develop documents regulating the relationship between an enterprise and an employee entering work with unfavorable working conditions. It is necessary to take into account the optimal periods of work experience during which the employee demonstrated his maximum performance without the formation of clinical forms of an occupational disease with compensation for such work.

8. In a broader sense, practical recommendations are presented in the methodological recommendations: “Prevention of occupational and work-related diseases among workers in mechanical assembly shops of power engineering”, approved by the Chief Specialist in Occupational Pathology of the Health Committee of the Government of St. Petersburg, z. Doctor of Science RF, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor V.P. Chashchin from 05.03.09

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For the convenience of studying working conditions, the set of factors (elements) is divided into the following groups:

• sanitary and hygienic, determining the external production environment / microclimate, air condition, noise, vibration, ultrasound, lighting, various types of radiation, contact with water, oil, toxic substances, etc., as well as sanitary services in production;
• psychophysiological, conditioned by the specific content of work activity, the nature of this type of work /physical and nervous, mental stress, monotony, pace and rhythm of work/;
• aesthetic, influencing the formation of employee emotions / design of equipment, accessories, industrial clothing, the use of functional music, etc.;
• socio-psychological, characterizing relationships in the workforce and creating the appropriate psychological mood between the employee and the employer;
• a work-rest regime that ensures high performance by reducing fatigue.

The task of the scientific organization of labor in the field of labor conditions is to bring all production factors to an optimal state in order to increase the efficiency and preserve the vital functions of workers.

An important prerequisite for organizing work to create favorable working conditions is an objective assessment of their actual level. Since production working conditions are considered from the point of view of their influence on the working person’s body, the assessment of their actual state should be based on taking into account the consequences of this influence. At the same time, it is very important, along with the analysis and assessment of individual elements (factors) influencing the formation of working conditions, to take into account all the diversity of the impact of the production environment using a single integral indicator.

Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the total impact of all factors of the production environment on a person’s performance, health and life activity is expressed in the indicator of labor severity.

Under the influence of specific working conditions in production, three qualitatively defined basic functional states of the body are formed: normal, borderline (between normal and pathological) and pathological. Each of them has its own distinctive features. The degree of impact of working conditions is characterized by categories of labor severity. In accordance with the “Medical and physiological classification of work by severity” developed by the Research Institute of Labor (M., Research Institute of Labor, 1974), all work can be divided into six categories.

To the first category severity includes work performed in comfortable conditions of the external production environment with favorable levels of physical, mental and neuro-emotional stress. In practically healthy people, such conditions increase the body’s fitness and performance. Fatigue at the end of the shift (week) is insignificant. Throughout the entire working period of life, a person maintains health and high performance. Under these conditions, the body's reactions represent the optimal variant of a normal functional state.

To the second category severity includes work performed under conditions that do not exceed the maximum permissible values ​​of production factors established by current sanitary rules, norms and ergonomic recommendations. Practically healthy people who have no medical contraindications to such work do not experience significant fatigue by the end of the shift (week). Tension, the degree of mobilization of life support functions, the musculoskeletal system, higher nervous activity and other sub-systems of the body correspond to the magnitude and content of the specific professional load (physical, mental, neuro-emotional). Efficiency is not significantly impaired, and deviations in health associated with professional activity are not observed throughout the entire working period of life.

Thus, a distinctive feature of the first two categories of labor severity is the optimal interaction of the components of a large functional system “man - production environment”, which contributes to the physical and spiritual development of a person and the efficiency of his work activity.

To the third category Severity includes work in which, due to not entirely favorable working conditions (including increased muscular, mental or neuro-emotional stress), practically healthy people develop reactions characteristic of a borderline state of the body: some indicators of physiological functions deteriorate in the intervals between operations , and especially towards the end of the work, compared with the pre-working baseline; functional indicators deteriorate at the time of labor effort (in the process of performing production operations), and above all the functions of the central nervous system; the recovery period is extended; production technical and economic indicators are slightly deteriorating.

Such negative shifts can be eliminated relatively quickly by improving work and rest regimes, which indicates the proximity of this borderline state to normal. Thus, with the third category of severity, the result of labor is achieved without significant negative deviations in the interaction “man - production environment”.

To the fourth category Severity includes work in which unfavorable working conditions lead to reactions characteristic of a deeper borderline (prepathological) state in practically healthy people. Most physiological indicators deteriorate both in interoperational intervals (and especially at the end of working periods) and at the time of labor effort. The ratios of periods in the dynamics of working capacity and labor productivity change. Other production indicators are also declining. The level of morbidity increases, typical production-related “pre-diseases” appear, and in the presence of increased exposure to dangerous and harmful production factors, occupational diseases may also arise, and the number and severity of industrial injuries increases.

All this indicates the insufficiency of the initially formed functional system “person - production environment”, since its composition does not ensure effective and economical achievement of results. Maintenance of performance is carried out due to overstrain of mechanisms that compensate for dysfunction of the body.

To the fifth category severity includes work in which, as a result of very unfavorable (extreme) working conditions at the end of the working period (shift, week), reactions are formed that are characteristic of the pathological functional state of the body in practically healthy people. There is a relative and sometimes absolute functional insufficiency of life-supporting vegetative subsystems; strong, sometimes distorted reactions from the central nervous system (its higher parts), especially with increased neuro-emotional and intellectual stress, etc. For the majority of workers, pathological reactions disappear after sufficient and complete rest. However, for some workers, for various reasons, including due to the individual characteristics of the body, over time, transient pathological reactions can stabilize and develop into a more or less developed disease. Therefore, the fifth category of severity is characterized by a high level of production-related and occupational morbidity. Technical and economic indicators are significantly deteriorating, the curves of working capacity and labor productivity are changed and often chaotic.

In some cases, under particularly unfavorable working conditions, phenomena typical of the fifth category of severity develop when performing work shortly after the start of the shift or in the first days of the working period. Such work belongs to sixth severity categories. This category also includes work in which, as a result of extreme, often sudden overloads, usually in stressful mental (neuro-emotional) situations, acute pathological reactions occur, often accompanied by severe dysfunction of vital organs. Sometimes mental or emotional stress is aggravated by other, also unfavorable working conditions. This reduces the body’s overall resistance to harmful and dangerous production factors.

In the methodology developed by the Research Institute of Labor for quantitative assessment of the severity of work, indicators of the functional state of the body (a consequence of exposure to the working environment) and factors of working conditions (causes) are presented in abstract numbers - points that correspond to the degree of influence of working conditions (i.e., the named categories of severity of work).

In accordance with the classification of the severity of work and the methodology for its quantitative assessment, favorable conditions are considered to be those in which the category of severity of work does not exceed the second, and the number of points is, accordingly, 33. In the third category of severity (the number of points no more than 45), working conditions are considered are considered to be not entirely favorable and require appropriate improvement. In the fourth, fifth and sixth categories of work severity, working conditions are considered unfavorable, and therefore it is necessary to develop and implement a set of measures to radically improve them.

Based on regression and correlation analysis of data characterizing working conditions and their impact on the human body, a close relationship has been established between working conditions and the formation of a certain category of work severity, and corresponding equations and graphs have been developed. The use of these equations allows us to estimate the severity of work directly in production using a calculation method, without conducting labor-intensive and complex medical and physiological studies.

To assess the severity of work, the AvtoVAZ association and the Labor Research Institute have developed a special Map of working conditions at the workplace . A similar map is drawn up for all typical workplaces with similar working conditions; with its help, the severity of the work performed at the workplace, site, or workshop is assessed. The map serves as an objective basis for the development of organizational, technical, sanitary, hygienic, economic and other measures to improve working conditions.

Measures to improve working conditions have the greatest effect (both social and economic) when they are developed and implemented at the stage of designing new and reconstructing existing enterprises, technological processes and production equipment. It is at this stage that ample opportunities are created for the most effective, least costly implementation of the latest achievements in the field of physiology, psychology, occupational health and ergonomics.

Rational work and rest regime

An important place in the system of health and safety measures is given to the introduction of rational work and rest regimes, ensuring high labor efficiency and maintaining the health of enterprise personnel. When developing work and rest regimes, you must be guided by the following:

• rational alternation of work and rest as one of the means of preventing fatigue should be carried out when performing all work (functions);
• when improving work and rest regimes, it is necessary to take into account the impact of working conditions on the human body and its performance;
• comply with uniform principles and methodology for determining the number and duration of rest breaks during seven and eight hour shifts;
• take into account that regulated rest is more effective than random breaks in work, set at the discretion of workers. Random downtime due to deficiencies in the organization of labor and production cannot be considered a full rest, as they cause violations of the working dynamic stereotype and negative emotions;
• the content of rest and its duration should be subordinated to one goal - to minimize fatigue and ensure high and stable performance throughout the working day (shift).

Intra-shift work and rest schedules include a lunch break and short rest breaks.

Lunch break necessary not only for eating, but also for relieving or easing the fatigue that has accumulated during the first half of the working day. The effectiveness of this break depends on the correct setting of its start time, duration and organization. It is advisable to set a lunch break in the middle of the working day or with a deviation within plus or minus one hour. The duration of the break should be from 20 min up to 1 h, which is determined by the time required for eating and for restoring performance.

Short breaks for rest are intended to reduce fatigue developing during work, and for personal needs. Break time, unlike lunch break, is part of working time and is taken into account when labor rationing. Thus, short-term rest breaks are regulated. Their duration depends both on the degree of tediousness of the work, the intensity of the work, and on the conditions of its implementation. Thus, for workers employed in relatively favorable working conditions, the optimal duration of one break is 5-10 min.

In accordance with the recommendations of the Labor Research Institute, the time of regulated breaks is determined on the basis of an integral indicator of fatigue obtained in the process of psychophysiological research, or on the basis of a quantitative assessment of the severity of work according to the conditions of its implementation. For calculations, two empirical formulas are used:

T p = 1.41 X -7,85;

T p==-0.58 at ,

Where T R - total time for regulated breaks;

X — indicator of working conditions; determined in points based on a comprehensive assessment of the severity of work based on working conditions;

at — fatigue indicator is determined in relative units based on an integral assessment of performance according to physiological studies.

In each specific case, the corresponding standard regime can be found either by the fatigue indicator, determined on the basis of physiological research data, or by the indicator of quantitative assessment of working conditions, obtained by calculation based on an assessment of individual factors of working conditions.

For the rest of workers and employees during regulated breaks, rest rooms are equipped.

When arranging a room for relaxation, it is necessary to pay attention to the color of its walls, since depending on the color, the subjective sensation of heat and cold increases. For example, it is recommended to use warm colors (beige, orange, yellow) for heating rooms, and cold colors (blue, indigo, violet) for radiant cooling rooms. If work is associated with nervous tension and eye strain, it is recommended to paint the rest room green, as it calms the nervous system and reduces intraocular pressure.

When organizing recreation at an enterprise, its content and activation are important.

Passive rest is advisable only during heavy physical work, as well as during work with constant walking.

Activation of rest is ensured by changing forms of activity and introducing industrial gymnastics. At changing forms of activity the content and organization of the labor process are taken into account. As an active recreation at work with a forced pace and rhythm (flow-conveyor type of organization of the production process), a change of workplaces and, accordingly, operations performed, is used. For example, it is advisable to periodically perform operations according to the “flow on oneself” principle, in which a worker performs a certain number of homogeneous operations in a row, and then the same number of subsequent operations in the manufacture of the same product. If there is no strict regulation of the tempo, rhythm and sequence of operations, a change in the form of activity is ensured by the distribution of work of varying complexity and content according to shift hours.

When changing forms of activity, the following must be taken into account:

• operations selected for alternation should not load the same organs and systems of the body. It is advisable to alternate physical work with mental work, the load on the organ of vision with work that involves other analyzers (auditory, tactile, etc.), work on controlling mechanisms with manual labor;
• when changing forms of activity, it is necessary to take into account the age of workers, since this method gives a greater effect for young people than for older people;
• systematic alternation of types of work can be introduced only when workers fully master each of the operations performed;
• the combined work should be moderate, less difficult than the main one;
• when combining work, the best result is achieved if more intensive work is replaced by less intensive work, more difficult and complex work is replaced by simple work, more monotonous work is replaced by less monotonous work;
• alternating work should differ in the nature of the working posture, in the load on different parts of the musculoskeletal system, and ensure switching of activity from one muscle group to another. Static muscle tension within certain limits is a stimulator of dynamic work. This must be taken into account when combining work;
• To eliminate the monotony of work, it is recommended to change objects of labor that differ in color and shape. For example, in the first hours of work it is advisable to process objects of dark colors, and at the end of the work shift - light ones. The alternation of processed objects of labor should be timed to coincide with the moments of fatigue;
• depending on the speed of restructuring of the working dynamic stereotype (this depends on the complexity of the work), the alternation of work performed over time can be carried out during a work shift, a week or longer periods of time;
• in areas with unfavorable working conditions, a combination of operations is used to reduce the time of exposure to adverse factors on the human body.

Industrial gymnastics As a type of active recreation, it should be used to prevent overwork and increase the performance of workers. Industrial gymnastics has three main forms: introductory gymnastics, physical education break and physical education minute.

Introductory gymnastics is carried out at the beginning of the working day for 5-7 min.

The purpose of introductory gymnastics is to speed up physiological processes and thereby ensure greater readiness of the human body for work as a result of increased mobility of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition, more rapid resumption of the working dynamic stereotype, and acceleration of the process of getting used to it. Therefore, introductory gymnastics should include exercises that activate the body’s activity, promote concentration, and imitate working movements. The pace of the exercises performed should be slightly higher than the normal pace of work. A complex of introductory gymnastics, as a rule, consists of 6-8 exercises.

It is recommended to carry out a physical training break one to three times per shift, lasting 5-10 min in order to maintain high performance during the working day. Physical training breaks should be carried out during the period of beginning fatigue. The guidelines for when they should be carried out should be signs of decline in performance. The content of physical education breaks is determined taking into account the characteristic features of work activity.

Physical education minutes are carried out to reduce local fatigue. They are especially necessary for people with mental work, since their work is sedentary and associated with strained attention and vision. Physical education minutes are held individually or collectively. Within 2-3 min two or three exercises are performed: first stretching, the next two exercises are selected depending on which part of the body fatigue is felt. Usually these are exercises for the muscles of the neck, back, arms, and legs. It is useful to include exercises to relax individual muscle groups, as well as breathing exercises, in a physical training session.

In the complex of activities on NOT aimed at limiting fatigue, preserving and strengthening the health of workers, an important place is occupied by psychogenic methods (including autogenic training, training in “psycho-self-regulation” techniques), as well as the creation of so-called “psychological relief rooms” .

Among the means that help improve performance, a prominent place is occupied by production (functional) music. The most effective use of industrial music is when performing monotonous, mostly simple, monotonous work with a small but monotonous muscle load and a lack of information. This is primarily flow-conveyor work.

The Labor Research Institute developed methodological recommendations for the use of functional music in industrial enterprises, which were used to prevent the development of overwork in workers of both physical and mental labor.

In accordance with the recommendations, it is most advisable to use functional music in mass and large-scale production with a conveyor-flow organization of labor in simple work characterized by rhythm, monotony, small and uniform physical activity during the shift, monotony of movements and postures, limited and monotonous load on human sensory organs.

The use of music during working hours is contraindicated at:

• experimental and control nature, as well as for adjustment and repair of equipment;
• requiring high concentration, mental focus and responsibility;
• characterized by the following complex of negative conditions: unfavorable microclimate, increased noise, significant physical activity, variety of movements and postures, increased neuropsychic stress.

Efficiency of implemented work and rest schedules depends on how correctly the patterns of daily dynamics of biological processes in the human body are taken into account. It has been established that the strength and direction of his reactions vary depending on the time of day. In the morning and during the day, the most important psychophysiological functions of a person are characterized by the greatest activity, and at night - by the least activity.

Given the adverse impact of night shifts on the health of workers and their performance indicators, it is necessary to seek opportunities to reduce night work, in particular through the use of rational shift schedules that minimize night work.

A person’s performance during the week is also subject to cyclical changes. In the first two days it increases, which corresponds to the burn-in period. In weekly dynamics, the phase of high performance falls on the second to fourth days of the week, so it is necessary to make maximum use of these days in the interests of production.

IN blacksmith shops Various products and semi-finished products are obtained from metal ingots. To do this, metal ingots are preheated in flame and electric furnaces and subjected to dynamic (forging, stamping) or static (pressing) pressure treatment.

Working conditions in forge shops. The processes of heating the metal and its subsequent processing are accompanied by the release of more or less significant amounts of heat into the air of the forge premises and the effect of radiant heat on workers. There is also indoor air pollution by products of incomplete combustion of fuel and burning of lubricating oils - carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, soot and smoke.

Significant sulfur emissions anhydride observed when using raw gas obtained from high-sulfur oils as fuel for heating and thermal furnaces. Heavy fuel oils (grade 100), widely used in recent years for the same purposes, when not completely freed from water and insufficiently heated and atomized, form a highly smoky flame during combustion. In these cases, as a rule, it is knocked out of the furnaces, severe pollution of the air and glazing with smoke and soot.
In the scrapings of this soot from glazing and during extraction with dichloroethane, 3-4-benzpyrene was found qualitatively and quantitatively, which, as is known, has pronounced carcinogenic properties.

Magnitude heat release, entering the forge premises, depends on the nature of the technological process and the organization of production processes. If heat and heated gases are removed from the furnaces through special smoke exhaust devices to the outside, then more than 75% of the amount of heat generated during fuel combustion can be removed into the outside atmosphere. On the contrary, in those forges where all the heat from the furnaces enters the workshop, the absolute value of heat release can reach tens of millions of calories per hour, and the heat load per 1 m3 of room, the so-called specific heat load, can be 200-250 kcal/hour.

So big heat release is accompanied a significant increase in air temperature in the working area of ​​forging shops, which often reaches 34-36°, and in poorly equipped forges, with close arrangement of equipment and poorly organized transport from the workshop of still hot forgings, 40° and even 45° with a relative humidity of 25-30% . Along with unfavorable temperature conditions, those working in forge shops are exposed to radiant heat from the heated surfaces of furnaces and especially from steel forgings, which are heated to a temperature of 760-1100 °.

Intensity exposure at work stampers fluctuates within a fairly wide range: when stamping with a large hammer (2.5 tons) - 1.3-4 cal/cm2*min; when stamping with a small hammer (0.5 t) - 1-3.5 cal/cm2*min.; with the heating hole open - 7-10 cal/cm2*min.; when carrying forgings from the furnace to the hammer - 4-6 cal/cm2-min.; at a distance of 0.5 m from products folded and cooling in the workshop, depending on the duration of cooling, - 0.5-6 cal/cm2*min.

Pollution air in forge shops, exposure to carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide is generally low, especially in modern forge shops equipped with aeration devices and efficient smoke exhaust devices from furnaces and forges.

So, based on a large number of analyzes air in the forging and pressing shops of the Novo-Kramatorsk plant and Uralmashplant, carried out in 1955-1956. in the cold and warm periods of the year, carbon monoxide at the Novo-Kramatorsk plant was not detected at all in 60-68.1% of all analyzes and in 31.9-40% of all samples its concentrations did not reach the maximum permissible. Only during the transition period of the year at the same plant, carbon monoxide concentrations within limits not exceeding the norm were observed in 83.3% of all samples and were not detected in 16.7% of samples. Approximately the same ratio of samples with negative and positive results (62.2% negative and 31.8% positive) was observed in the forging and press shop of the Uralmashplant.

Sulfur dioxide concentrations at both plants in the warm and cold periods of the year averaged only 0.002-0.003 mg/l. They become significant and exceed the maximum permissible values ​​when using high-sulfur fuel oil or gas obtained from them as fuel without purifying the latter from sulfur compounds.

Blacksmiths work, stampers and pressers in conditions of high air temperature and significant radiation intensity is often accompanied by an increase in heart rate and respiration, a decrease in maximum blood pressure by 5-15 mm and a negative water-salt balance. To restore normal activity of the body, sometimes a 15-30-minute rest is required after strenuous physical labor, in particular when working on forging machines.

IN blacksmith shops The level of industrial injuries is quite high, averaging up to 20% of all morbidity with loss of ability to work. It is almost 1.5-2 times higher than at engineering industry enterprises as a whole. Among injuries in forge shops, the higher proportion of burns is noteworthy, reaching 11-15% of all types of injuries. A particular danger of injury is the flying away of scale (iron oxides), as well as larger particles of metal and various objects, which causes injuries in hammer hammers in 31% of cases, and in blacksmiths in 43%. A relatively large number of injuries in forge shops occur when moving materials and products using various vehicles and manually.